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A REVIEW OF 

American History 



CHARLES ELLSWORTH MARTZ 



CSSic 
A REVIEW OF '37 

AMERICAN HISTORY 



BY 

CHARLES ELLSWORTH MARTZ 

Professor of History in the West Chester {Pa. 
State Normal School 



1922 



Published by 
T. V. ROBERTS 
West Chester, Pa. 






COPYRIGHT 1922 BY 
C, E. MARTZ 



fRANSFERRED FROta 
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Horace F. Temple. Printer 
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JUL 15 1922 



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A Review of American History 



THE STUDY OF AMERICAN HISTORY 

History owes its place in a school curriculum chiefly to the 
fact that its study helps us to understand people, individually 
and in groups. History presents accounts of groups of people 
reacting to various stimuli. If we can be sure that we have the 
correct result attached to any stimulus we have a valuable 
instance to bring to bear whenever like forces are again pre- 
sented. To this general goal of history we must add, in the 
case of the history of one's own country, the deeper insight 
into present conditions which a study of these conditions in 
the making will give. 

From either of these viewpoints the first century and a half 
after the discovery of America must be thought of as European 
History. Events in America are largely a fringe on a world 
history and an understanding of American events demands this 
point of view. Only very gradually do circumstances that are 
distinctly American begin to dominate the stage. Our first 
study must be of the Europe of 1492. And right there we may 
begin to see the working of what is probably the chief thread 
in the warp of American History, namely, the moving of a 
dissatisfied group of people out of an old environment and their 
subsequent development and adaptation to a new environment 
where land is plentiful. Let us keep hold of this thread as we 
follow our story, seeing the forces which made the people dis- 
contented with the old, the means by which they found the 
new homes, the forces in those new homes which made of them 
Americans, and the perennial conflicts of those in the new 
country with those who have remained in the old, from the 
time of Bacon's Rebellion, the Revolution, of Thomas H. 
Benton, down to the free-silver advocates and more recently 
the farm bloc. America has emerged from this conflict of the 
new with the old. 



CHART OF THE COLONIAL PERIOD 



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4 A REVIEW OP AMERICAN HISTORY 

THE EUROPEAN BACKGROUND 

^riie discovery of America is one event in a great series of 
rmovements to which we give the name the RENAISSANCE. 
Europe awakened from the conditions of the Middle Ages and 
its new activities brought such changes that the following 
period is called Modern History as distinguished from Medi- 
aeval History. In these changes we must look for an under- 
standing of American History up to 1700. 

Politically the Feudal system gave way to centralized 
states with a new feeling of nationality. England seemed to 
rejoice over "Tudor Absolutism"; Ferdinand and Isabella were 
married and Spain became a united kingdom ; Portugal became 
a single monarchy under Henry; France was emerging from 
her seemingly hopeless division. Patriotism and national rival- 
ries were inevitable results and the foundation was laid for 
much of American History. 

In the intellectual field the awakening led on the one side 
to an increased interest in the physical world, its shape, size, 
and travel routes. On the other hand, chiefly in Germany, it 
led to an examination of the religious views of the period in 
the light of the new spirit of investigation. The result was the 
xevolt of the followers of Luther against the Roman Church, 
a revolt which paved the way for the great number of sects 
which exist in England in 1600. These new groups were a 
problem to a ruling class which still thought of religion as one 
of the first aids to the government, since rulings could be more 
easily enforced if they could have a religious sanction. Down 
to 1700 the government of England was still seeking a unified 
church as one basis for the authority of the state. 

More important than all of these changes must be put the 
complications caused by new trade conditions. The Crusades 
had brought Europe into contact with the East and its products. 
Barter was giving way to trade with money and an important 
commerce had sprung up with the tropical lands of the East. 
This trade brought about accumulations of capital for which 



A REVIEW OP AMERICAN HISTORY 5 

investment was sought. Trade furnished this outlet, and we 
shall see later that early colonization in America has the same 
foundation. In 1400 we find a flourishing trade being carried 
on with the East, in which spices, perfumes, silks and like goods 
were the staples. The routes which the reader should trace on 
a map, were mostly by water, but each route necessitated a 
land trip across desert country from the Mediterranean waters 
to those of the Indian Ocean and as we enter the period of 
the Renaissance we find traders complaining of the expense 
of this land portage and asking whether an all-water route 
could not be found. This search was hastened by the capture 
of Constantinople in 1453 by the Ottoman Turks who preyed 
upon commerce through the Eastern Mediterranean. 

Let us add up all of these forces, the new spirit of investi- 
gation, the interest in commerce and in an outlet for invest- 
ment, the expense of the old paths of commerce, after 1853 
prohibitive, and finally the new spirit of nationalism which 
made the nations rivals for the trade advantages. The sum 
explains the new maritime boldness which brought the dis- 
covery of America. Little Portugal appears first in the role 
of explorer, largely because of her strategic position and 
because in Prince Henry the Navigator, her sailors had a patron 
saint. They set out along their natural pathway, down the 
coast of Africa past the Azores. Diaz got as far as the tip of 
Africa in 1486; Vasco da Gania succeeded in getting around to 
India in 1497 and an all- water route was established. 

Spain was directed to the west by the voyages of Col- 
umbus, a Genoese navigator born about 1450. He was filled 
with the spirit of the age, both as a practical sailor and a theor- 
etical map-maker with a conviction that the shape of the world 
would present a solution to the new-route riddle. The rulers 
of Spain financed his voyages and he sailed four times into 
the unknown western seas, finding lands which he reported to 
be the Indies but which brought to the Spanish, in his lifetime, 
none of the wealth of the real Indies. The expectations that 



6 A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 

lie had aroused, turned his patrons against him and in 1506, 
discredited and wretched, he was mercifully relieved by death. 

This new world soon became the scene of a series ef ex- 
ploring expeditions in which we are interested largely to im- 
press the extent of the territory to which Spain could make 
claim. The reader should mark on a map of America the fol- 
lowing explorers: 

Vcspiiccius Coast of Brazil (Naming of America) 

Magellan Around World (died in Philippines) 

Cortes Conquest of Mexico 

Balboa Pacific Ocean across Panama 

DeSoto Gulf States 

Narvaez Gulf States 

deLcon Florida 

Coronado Conquest of Peru 

French sailors, probably following the tracks of their 
fishermen, went straight across the North Atlantic. Note the 
following: 

V crrasano Hudson River northward 

C artier 1534, in St. Lawrence 

Champlain 1608, founded Quebec 

COLONIZATION 

We now come to the movements of bodies of people from 
Europe to America for settlement. The first group is typical 
of the discontent caused by religious persecution for French 
Hugenots settled at Port Royal in 1562. In 1565 Mencndes 
brought Spaniards to found St. Augustine, the first perman- 
ent settlement in America, and one of his first acts was to wipe 
out the Port Royal colon}^ which was a threat to the Spanish 
treasure ships from South America to Spain. 

The national exaltation of Elizabethan England and the 
search on the part of capital for investment led to English at- 
tempts to colonize. The first trials were by individual men seek- 
ing position and profit, of whom we should note three: 



A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 7 

Gilbert In Newfoundland 

Gosnold Along Cape Cod 

Raleigh Roanoke Island (N. C.) 

These were all failures largely because the individuals had 
not sufficient capital to support such an expensive undertaking. 
Ideas of the profits to come from American trade were such, 
however, that more elaborate attempts were made in the char- 
tering of two companies with monopolies of the trade with 
America similar to those granted the East India Company. The 
London Company had the territory to the South and the Ply- 
mouth Company to the North, a division of territory which 
should be fixed on a map. 

English activity in the early period is limited to the voy- 
age of John Cabot in 1498, who explored the northerly coast. 
The strength of the Spanish on the sea made it impossible for 
the English to interfere to a greater extent. However, a change 
comes during the reign of Queen Elizabeth (after 1550). A 
period of prosperity and rational exaltation came to England 
and with it came a series of seamen who dared dispute Spanish 
supremacy. Hawkins and Drake are the great names of the 
period, men who were really pirates, but who lived in an age 
when piracy practiced against the Spanish was a virtue. Their 
lives are filled with romance and adventure. 

Incensed by the exploits of these men and angered be- 
cause of Elizabeth's refusal to marry him, the king of Spain 
sent practically all of his sea power against England in a great 
fleet known as the Spanish Armada. This was defeated in 1588, 
and that date marks the downfall of Spain as a maritime power 
and the rise of the importance of England. 

The Plymouth Company sent over a colony to the mouth 
of the Kennebec River, usually called the POPHAM Colony 
(1607). This colony was a failure and the Plymouth Company 
went out of existence, its rights going to a new corporation 
known as the COUNCIL FOR NEW ENGLAND. 



8 A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 

J607. VIRGINIA. 

The London Company was more fortunate and its colony 
arrived in 1607 on the James River in Virginia. Remenber 
that this was a business venture, and that the purpose was to 
make money for the stockholders. The men who came over 
were merely employees of the company. The colony oanie 
close to a failure the first year because : 

(1) The men were largely gentlemen adventurers not used 

to work. 

(2) They came not to make homes but to get rich easily 

and go home. 

(3) The common storehouse system encouraged idleness. 

This common storehouse was the store of the company, 
from which the employees were supported. In this wild land 
this had to be regardless of their producing power and so no 
incentive was put on efficient labor. 

JOHN SMITH, one of the first governors, by his initiative 
and boldness, did much to remedy' this state of affairs and time 
after time saved the colony by getting supplies from the Indians. 

DALE, a later governor, abolished the common storehouse 
and introduced individual holdings of land. 

Since the companj'^, located in England, was given both the 
power to make what profits they could from the land, and also to 
govern it, the colony is now called PROPRIETARY. The 
company had supreme power. This power limited somewhat 
by a new charter in 1609, met a check in 1619, when the comp- 
any had to organize the first REPRESENTATIVE ASSEM- 
BLY in America to help in law making. 

The same year, 1619, the first negro slaves were brought 
to Virginia, where tobacco growing had already become the 
important industry, started by John Rolfe. 

1624, the king took the charter from the London Company 
and its assets, including Virginia, went to him. A colony in 
which the king is the proprietor is called ROYAL. Virginia 
remained royal until the Revolution of 1775. 



A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY gt 

The date 1660 marks an important breaking point in' 
American history. In Virginia it marks the return of BERK- 
ELEY as governor. His rule was arbitrar3r and absolute and 
soon made for discontent. He put men into offices who were 
unfit; he controlled the lawmaking by his "rotten assembly/' 
an assembly controlled by himself, which he kept in office for 
fourteen years. This discontent became gradually more serious 
until it took but a little thing to touch it off into flame. Berk- 
eley refused to take active measures against the Indians who 
were making raids against the frontier farms, to preserve his 
profits from the Indian fur trade. Finally a raid on the farm 
of Nathaniel Bacon caused the owner to raise a force, defeat 
the Indians, and then, in 1676, march against Berkeley, putting 
him to flight. BACON'S REBELLION seemed about to suc- 
ceed when Bacon died, and the movement fell through. 



NEW ENGLAND 

THE RELIGIOUS SITUATION IN ENGLAND, 

The coming of Protestantism to England was accompanied 
by the beginning of a bitter quarrel as to the extent of the re- 
volt from Romanism. Many wished to remain in the Roman 
Catholic Church ; many wished to stay in one established 
church, but wished to make it less like the Catholic; many 
despaired of changes within the church and decided in favor 
of a separate church. As against these discontented elements 
there was the great body of the Church of England, supported 
by the government which tried to force everybody to con- 
form. For the flight of Catholics to America see the Maryland 
Colony ; the last class, known as the Separatists, were the first 
to leave England, going first to Holland and then finally de- 
ciding to come to America. Those who wanted to change the 
church, but who still maintained that all should belong to one 
state church, were known as Puritans, and to them we owe the 
development of Massachusetts. 



10 A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 

i620, PLYMOUTH. 

The Separatists who were living in Holland got permission 
from the London Company to come to America, made arrange- 
ments with some merchants to advance the needed capital on 
the security of the labor of the colonists, and then set out on 
the Mayflower for America, and landed at what they called 
Plymouth. They had no charter, so before landing they drew 
up the "Mayflower Compact," which bound all to obey the 
government which they should set up. John Carver, the first 
governor, soon died, and was succeded by William Bradford, 
the greatest governor. They went through the usual "starving 
period," but soon abandoned the common storehouse idea. 

i629, MASSACHUSETTS BAY. 

In 1628, six men, including JoJiii Endicott, formed the 
Massachusetts Bay Company for commercial purposes, mostly 
for fishing off Cape Cod. Several small villages were formed. 
In 1629 the Puritans of England wanted to leave and decided 
to go to the new villages. The company had been given power 
to govern their own colony, and so it was made a condition by 
the Puritans that the members of the Company should come to 
America with them. John Winthrop was the new leader, and 
within a few years over 30,000 people came to Massachusetts. 
Gradually the company began to admit the men of the colony 
to the corporation so that we have a new sort of colony — a 
proprietary colony governed by a company of which most of 
the male citizens were rp.embers. This is virtually a self-gov- 
erning colony and is called a CORPORATE colony. 

The Puritans did not believe in religious toleration, and 
admitted no one to the corporation except members of their 
church. Others were persecuted. The situation led to com- 
plications which brought about the settling of Rhode Island 
and Connecticut, discussed later. 



A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 11 

i6Z6, RHODE ISLAND. 

The Puritans who controlled iNIassachusetts Bay believed 
in a state-controlled church. Those not in the state church were 
given no political power and were often persecuted. Roger 
IVilliams, a minister, was one of those who objected to this. 
He preached that the state should have no control over religion 
and, further, that the land was the property of the Indians, 
and should be purchased from them. He was banished from the 
colony and fled south and founded Providence in 1636. It 
became a corporate colony. Mrs. Anne Hutchinson was also 
banished for heresy and settled near Providence. 

i6Z6, CONNECTICUT. 

Not only did the state control the church but the church 
controlled the state. It was a "religious oligarchy." Some 
people objected to this. The congregation of Thomas Hooker, 
driven by the hope of getting better land in the Connecticut 
valley, and also protesting against religious control, moved in 
a body from Massachusetts Bay and founded Hartford and 
some other towns. These towns were finally united with New 
Haven, which had been founded in 1638, to form a new corpor- 
ate colony to be called Connecticut. 



The colonies of New England, with the exception of Rhode 
Island, united in 1643 to form the NEW ENGLAND CON- 
FEDERATION for the purpose of defense against the Indians, 
against the Dutch in New Amsterdam and against the French 
of the North. The central body was a council of two delegates 
from each colony. In contrast with this equal vote, Avhen a 
war was entered upon, the colonies furnished money and men 
in proportion to their population. This worked against Massa- 
chusetts. After about forty years, this defect broke up the 
confederation when Massachusetts refused to join an expedi- 
tion against the Dutch, 



12 A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 

OTHER COLONIES 

i634, MARYLAND. 

The Catholics of England formed another persecuted 
igroup. George Calvert, who had failed in his colony of Avalon, 
became a Catholic and founded Maryland, as a proprietary 
colony on a grant which he had received from the king. St. 
Mary's in 1634 was the first settlement. The colony was char- 
acterized by absolute religious toleration. Later Puritans from 
the north came to the colony and injected their religious dis- 
putes into the colony and toleration was destroyed. 

J664. NEW YORK. 

In 1609, the Dutch had entered the new field with the voy- 
age of Hudson, and in 1632 New Amsterdam was settled. It 
did not prosper, however, as it was a commercial colony with 
absolute government, neither condition being conducive to a 
permanent settlement. By giving large tracts along the Hudson 
to "PATROONS," men who would bring over 50 families for 
permanent settlement, an attempt was made to remedy the 
situation, but with little success. Charles II begain a series of 
wars against the Dutch for commerical supremacy, and, as part 
of his campaign, his brother, James of York, was given per- 
mission to take New Amsterdam. This he did in 1664, and it 
became New York. The last Dutch governor was Peter Stuyv- 
esant. In 1685 James became king and the colony became a 
royal colony. 

At first it included what is now New Jersey, but this was 
given to Carteret and Berkley who divided it between them. 

J68J. PENNSYLVANIA 

George Fox was the founder of another religious sect, the 
Quakers, who were bitterly persecuted. Williarn Penn was one 
of his converts. Penn was the son of the famous Admiral Penn, 
to whom the king was greatly in debt. Penn asked the king 



A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 13 

for a grant with the idea of planting a colony to run on the 
Quaker principles of equality, good will, etc. Pennsylvania 
was founded, a proprietary colony, in 1681. All who belived 
in one God were welcomed, all Christians were given a share 
in the government, by Penn's constitution, which was the most 
liberal in the colonies. 

In order to control the mouth of the Delaware, Penn pur- 
chased the lower counties of Delaware from the Duke of York 
in the next year. These had the same proprietor but separate 
colonial governments. 

i66Z. CAROLINA. 

Another proprietary colonj^ was begun by a group of 
noblemen in the south. The most interesting fact about it is 
the "Grand Model," a Utopian frame of government, pre- 
pared by John Locke, providing for a modified feudal system, 
utterly unsuited to a wild country and never put into effect. 
The colony soon became royal. 

J 732, GEORGIA. 

The last colony was founded by James Oglethorpe as a 
refuge for those put in prison for debt in England. It bordered 
Spanish territory and thus had many quarrels over land claims. 
It became royal soon after its foundation. 

THE COLONIES— 1650-1750 

The colonial governments may be divided into three groups: 

1. PROPRIETARY, in which one man or a group of 
men are given the land and the right to govern the land. 

2. ROYAL, a proprietary colony where the king is the 
proprietor. 

3. CORPORATE, or charter, where the voters of the 
colony govern the colony according to a charter granted by the 
king;. 



14 A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 

In discussing the characteristics of the colonies it is con- 
venient to divide tiiem into three groups: New England, the 
Middle Colonies, and the Southern Colonies. These geographic 
groups present some instructive comparisons. 

INDUSTRY. 

New England had four chief industries: Fishing, Ship- 
building, Commerce, Rum-making. 

The Middle Colonies were provision colonies and furnished 
grain, dairy products. 

The Southern Colonies are divided into two groups; 

Virginia and Maryland grew tobacco almost exclusively. 

Carolina and Georgia grew rice and indigo. (No cotton.) 

LABOR. 

New England industry was built upon free labor. 
Southern industry was built upon slave labor. 
Middle Colonies had both. 

EDUCATION. 

New England had schools and colleges and education was 
pretty general. 

The South had few schools and educated only the rich. 

RELIGION. 

New England was strongly Congregational. 

The South was predominantly Church of England. 

SOCIETY. 

New England had little of aristocracy of wealth. 
The South had a wealthy planter class, a poor white class 
and the slave class, a caste system rigidly adhered to. 

LOCAL GOVERNMENT. 

New England had the town as its unit and its govern- 
ment centered in the town meeting. 



A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 15 

The South had the county as the unit and did not have 
the democracy of the town meeting. 

The Middle Colonies z^'crc a niixfure of Northern and 
Southern characters. 

COLONIAL GOVERNMENT. 

All of the colonies of New England were corporate. 
The South was characterized by royal colonies. 
The Middle colonies were largely proprietary. 

1660— A BREAKING POINT 

The Puritan Revolution in England, which resulted in the 
death of Charles I in 1649, lost ground with the death of Crom- 
well, and, in 1660, Charles II was put on the throne. His acces- 
sion marks an important turning point in colonial history. 
THE NAVIGATION ACTS. 

After the downfall of the Spanish the Dutch had become 
the great commercial nation. Charles II and his advisers 
wanted to put England back into the competition. To do this 
was the purpose of the first Navigation Act in 1660. It pro- 
vided that all colonial trade had to be in English or colonial 
ships manned by a predominantly English or colonial crew. 

At this time a new school of economists was beginning to 
teach the MERCANTILE THEORY, which said that the wealth 
of a nation would be increased if she had a sure supply of raw 
materials, if she had control of the shipping and if she had a 
sure market for her manufactured products. To further this 
program, they had a clause put into the first Navigation Act 
which said that certain raw materials called the enumerated 
commodities should be sent by the colonists only to England, 
thus giving England a monopoly of the raw materials. 

In 1663 the mercantilists got another point in the second 
Navigation Act. This provided that manufactured goods of 
most kinds could be bought by the colonies only from Eng- 
land. 



16 A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 

To administer these acts a series of other acts were passed 
becoming progressively more and more severe. 

The New England rum trade was a matter of difficulty, 
for the colonists insisted upon buying the molasses for their 
business from the French West Indies. The planters of the 
English West Indies brought pressure to bear and Parliament 
passed the Sugar and Molasses Act of 1733, putting a prohibi- 
tive tax upon French sugar and molasses. 

None of these acts was respected by the colonies and smug- 
gling became a patriotic and profitable industry. This situa- 
tion came to a crisis after 1760. 

NEW ENGLAND. 

Charles II and the colonies of New England, particularly 
Massachusetts, were in a state of constant friction. The king 
had many charges against the colonists. 

1. The colonists were extreme Protestants and the king 
was Roman Catholic. 

2. The colonists insisted upon coining money contrary 
to his will. 

3. Massachusetts had annexed Maine in defiance of his 
order. 

4. New England was the centre of the smuggling trade. 

5. The New England colonies were all self-governing. 

6. New England filled no place in the program of the 
mercantilists. 

P'or these, and many other reasons, the king determined 
to act. Randolph was sent over as an agent to get evidence 
and his report confirmed the king's suspicions. Therefore, in 
1684, all of the charters of New England were annulled and 
Edmund Andros was sent to be governor of a royal province, 
the DOMINION OF NEW ENGLAND, which was to em- 
brace all of New England, with New York and New Jersey. 
Andros succeeded in getting all of the charters except Con- 
necticut and Rhode Island, where the colonists by tricks kept 
them hidden. Andros ruled absolutely, setting aside all of the 



A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 17 

colonial assemblies; he established the Church of England 
as the State Church ; he levied taxes by order of the governor. 
The people were ready for action and the chance came when, 
in 1688, the people of England overthrew James II who had 
sent Andros. The colonists thereupon captured Andros and 
sent him to England. The charters were gotten out and the 
old governments resumed. Massachusetts and Plymouth were 
united by a new charter in 1691. 

VIRGINIA. 

Bacon's Rebellion (1676) has already been mentioned as 
typical of the new attitude of the English king. 

THE FRENCH IN AMERICA 

As we have noticed the French had some part in the early 
explorations around the St. Lawrence River. Little expansion 
came until after 1670. The predominating motives of the 
French were: (1) The Christianizing of the Indians and (2) 
the fur trade. 

In 1673, Marquette and Joliet went part of the way down 
the Mississippi. 

In 1681, La Salle reached the mouth of the river. At once 
a flood of missionaries and fur traders took possession of the 
whole Mississippi valley and began to expand up the Ohio 
River. This would naturally bring them into contact with the 
English, who were just beginning to expand over the moun- 
tains. This friction became acute and needed little excuse to 
bring it to actual fighting. The occasion came with a series 
of wars in Europe between the mother countries. 
1689-1697. King William's War. 

1702-1713. Queen Anne's War, ended by Treaty of 
UTRECHT, by which England got a consid- 
erable body of land at mouth of St. Lawrence. 

174'i-1748. Kins; George's War. 



18 A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 

1754-1763. The French and Indian War, with the Treaty of 
PARIS, by which England got Canada and all 
f ' East of Mississippi, including Florida. 

In the first year of the prench and Indian War, a Congress 
of all the colonies was called for ALBANY, to provide for 
unified action against the enemy. At this congress, Franklin 
presented his "Plan of Union," for perpetual union of the 
colonies. A governor-general appointed by the king was to 
be the executive, a council of representatives of the colonies 
was to have charge of matters concerning all of the colonies, 
levying taxes and spending the money. The plan was rejected 
by both the king and the colonies, showing the growing dis- 
trust between these two. The plan later became the basis of 
the Articles of Confederation. 

These wars had far-reaching influence upon the coming 
events. The Treaty of Paris gave England her first dreams of 
"Empire." An empire took more money than England had, 
and the urgent necessity for more money led to a new plan — 
the taxation in the colonies. Then the navigation acts came" 
to the front once more. The colonies insisted upon trading 
with the French even during the war, virtually treason from 
England's viewpoint. This made England determined to see 
that the acts were enforced to the letter. These two movements 
brought the American Revolution. 

To these may be added the minor influences of the removal 
of the French threat on the north making the colonists more 
independent, the training in warfare, the experience in union, 
the new idea that the red-coats could be beaten, etc. 



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A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 19 



THE COMING OF THE REVOLUTION 

The individual events by which the two movements above 
suggested were carried out should be learned in detail. 

To enforce the navigation acts the English made use of 
WRITS OF ASSISTANCE, which were blank search war- 
rants, permitting the searching of any place for anything. The 
legality of such writs was strongly contested by James Otis. 

1764 — A new Sugar and Molasses Act was passed, making 
the tax on French sugar higher, with the hope of cutting off 
that trade. 

1765— THE STAMP ACT, calling for taxes upon all 
periodicals and legal documents. The colonists protested and 
their opposition took the following forms: 

(1) Violence. (2) The formation of the Sons of Liberty. 
(3) Protests by colonial assemblies and (4) The meeting 
of the STAMP ACT CONGRESS. 

The Stamp Act had been proposed by GRENVILLE, 
and after his resignation it was repealed (1766). 

1767— THE TOWNSHEND ACTS, of which three 
should be remembered: 

(1) New taxes upon glass, paper, painters' supplies, etc., 
imported. 

(2) A new commission to enforce the navigation acts. 

(3) An act suspending the New York Legislature be- 
cause they had not appropriated money to support British 
soldiers as had been ordered by the Mutiny Act. 

These acts met opposition of a more subdued nature. 
Samuel Adams, of ]\Iassachusetts, wrote a protest to the king; 
John Dickinson, of Pennsylvania, began to write his Farmers' 
Letters. Non-importation agreements were revived. 

1770 — The Boston Massacre. 

In this year, also, the taxes of the Townshend Acts were 
all repealed except that on tea. 



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20 A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 

1773 — The Boston Tea Party. The king sought to aid the 
£ast India Company by sending tlie tea very cheaply to 
America. The presence of a small tax, however, made the 
colonists reject the tea and tlie affiair in Boston followed. 

1774 — This act of defiance resulted in the passage of the 
FIVE INTOLERABLE ACTS. (1) The Boston Port bill, 
closing the port of Boston; (2) The Massachusetts Act, which 
took away the charter of Massachusetts and gave it a military 
government; (3) The Quartering Act, for the billeting of 
troops on the people; (4-) An act for the sending of certain 
offenders to England for trial; and (5) The Quebec Act, ex- 
tending the territories controlled by Quebec, a province which 
was both absolutely governed and Catholic. 

The opposition to these measures did not come by any 
means from a united American people. It is estimated that 
the population of the colonies at this time was 2,500,000. These 
were distributed as follows: 

1,500,000 neutrals, who cared nothing for the quarrel. 
250,000 Tories, or those who sided with the king. 
750,000 Patriots or Revolutionists. 

The result of the Intolerable Acts was that, in 1774, there 
met the FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS, which is 
called the First Party Convention, because it was a meeting 
representing only the patriot party. This Congress made pro- 
tests and again stated their case to the king. 

In 1775, the SECOND CONTINENTAL CONGRESS 
met. By this time actual hostilities began and this Congress, 
although it had no real authority, took charge of the war and 
appointed Washington commander-in-chief. 

In 1775, there was very little sentiment in favor of inde- 
pendence, but in the next year opinion in the Patriot Party 
turned, and in 1776, the DECLARATION OF INDEPEND- 
ENCE, was signed. This recited the grievances of the colonies 
and stated that they were free and independent. 



A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTOEY 21 

The Continental Congress, which was the only governing 
body, had no real authorit}', its powers being all assumed. In 
order to get the states to delegate definite powers. Congress 
passed the ARTICLES OF FEDERATION in 1777. The 
structure of the government thus established should be learned. 
THE GOVERNMENT UNDER THE ARTICLES OF CON- 
FEDERATION: 

1. No executive was provided. 

Had to depend upon state governors to enforce laws of 
Congress. 

2. No courts provided. 

State courts only. 

3. There was a CONGRESS. 

One House: 2 to 7 members from each state not accord- 
ing to population. 

Powers: To conduct foreign relations. 
Raise and control an army. 

Raise money by (1) borrowing, (2) levying quotas, 
(3) making it. 

Powers denied to Congress: 

To tax the people and collect the tax. 
To regulate commerce of any kind. 

The defects of this government are obvious to us. 

Provision was made that these Articles were to go into 
effect when all 13 of the colonies had ratified them. Ratifica- 
tion was difficult. The greatest stumbling block was the fact 
that several of the states (Virginia, Massachusetts, Connecticut, 
chiefly) had conflicting land claims in the region north of the 
Ohio and east of tlie Mississippi. This tract is called the 
NORTHWEST TERRITORY. The matter was finally settled 
when the states all gave up their Western lands to the new 
central government. This cession had very important results, 
among which were: 

1. It made possible the ratification of the Articles of Con- 
federation. 



22 A R&VIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 

2. It gave an impulse to union by the common owner- 

ship of land. 

3. It made necessary an act to govern this land, the 

NORTHWEST ORDINANCE. 

1787— The NORTHWEST ORDINANCE was passed to 
govern the Northwest Territory. It provided that the govern- 
ment should go through three stages; 

1. It was to be governed by a governor and some judges 

appointed by Congress; they to select laws from 
those in force in other states. 

2. When the population reached 5000, the voters were to 

elect an assembly to make laws, subject to the veto 
of the governor. A delegate was to sit in Congress. 

3. When the population reached 60,000, Congress might 

admit as a state on an equality with the original 
states. 

This was the beginning of our colonial system, which is an 
original American institution. Our colonies, which have been 
admitted as States, now outnximbered threefold the original 
mother country. 

1783 — The Treaty of Paris closed the Revolution. Some 
of its terms were : 

England agreed: 

1. To give up all land east of the Mississippi. 

2. To pay for slaves taken in the United States. 

The United States agreed: 

1. To see that Loyalists were not mistreated. 

2. To see that the collection of debts to Englishmen 

should not be obstructed. 

Neither side lived up to the terms of this treaty and the 
whole question was opened later at tlie time of Jay's Treaty 
in Washington's administration. 



A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 23 

THE CRITICAL PERIOD, 

With the independence of the states granted, a period fol- 
lowed which was very serious for the following reasons: 

1. Foreign commerce was at a standstill. 

2. Interstate commerce was small because of state rivalry. 

3. The currency was depreciated. 

4. The resulting stoppage of industry brought practical 

anarchy. 

5. The government was unable to remedy the situation. 

A number of remedies to this situation were suggested, 
among which were : 

1. An amendment giving Congress the right to regulate 

commerce. The required unanimous ratification 
could not be gotten. 

2. The Mount Vernon Conference. Did little but call 

the next Convention. 

3. 1786. THE ANNAPOLIS TRADE CONVEN- 

TION. Only five states represented. Did nothing 
but arrange for a new convention the following 
year. 

4. 1787. THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION 

in Philadelphia. 

THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION, 

The 1787 convention contained most of the great men of 
the country. Washington was chairman. They met to revise 
the Articles of Confederation, but it soon became evident that 
a new constitution was needed. The Virginia delegates drafted 
a plan which they proposed. This is called the VIRGINIA 
PLAN or the RANDOLPH PLAN or the BIG STATE 
PLAN. It provided for three departments to the govern- 
ment, the legislative bodies to be based upon population. 

This latter provision would be distasteful to the small 
states, and they, through Patterson, of New Jersey, introduced 
a plan providing for equal representation for all the states. 



24 A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 

This plan was called the NEW JERSEY PLAN or the PAT- 
TERSON PLAN or the SMALL STATE PLAN. 

After a great struggle the two sides agreed to compromise, 
and it was decided to have the lower liouse based upon popu- 
lation and the upper house with equal representation. This is 
the First Great Compromise. 

The second compromise was as to whether slaves should 
be counted in the population. It was finally decided to count 
five slaves as three. 

The third Compromise was on the control of the slave trade. 
It was decided that Congress could not interfere with this trade 
for twenty years. 

After a few months of strenuous sessions, the convention 
adopted the constitution and provided that it was to go into 
effect when nine of the states had ratified it. The struggle for 
ratification was bitter. The people had fought the Revolution 
to get away from a strong central government and they were 
not anxious to get into another one of their own making. New 
York was a crucial state and it was swung over by Alexander 
Hamilton almost single-handed. Hamilton, Madison and Jay 
wrote a series of papers, the FEDERALIST papers, explaining 
the new government, which had a great influence. Finally 
the required nine states were secured and the constitution went 
into effect with the inauguration of AVashington in 1789. 

THE GOVERNMENT UNDER THE CONSTITUTION, 

1. Executive. 

President. At least 35 years old. Native born. Term 

four yeqrs. 
Elected by Presidential electors chosen by states. (Look 

up.) 
Powers: 

Enforce the laws of Congress. 

Carry on foreign relations. 

Command army and navy. 

Veto or approve laws of Congress. 

Make treaties and appointments. (Senate.) 



A REVIEW OP AMERICAN HISTORY 25 

2. Legislative: 

House of Representatives. 

Age 25. Term two years. Elected by voters. 
Sole Powers: 

1. Impeachment. 

2. Initiate money bills. 

3. Elect President if electors do not. 

Senate. 

Age 30. Term 6 years. Elected by legislatures. 
Sole Powers: 

1. Try impeachment cases. 

2. Ratify treaties. 

3. Ratify appointments. 

3. Judiciary: 

Supreme Court and other courts. 

Judges of Supreme Court appointed by President for life. 

Tries cases dealing with Constitution or U. S. laws, or 

in which the U. S. is a party or between two states, 

etc. 

Congress is given a list of DELEGATED POWERS, 
among which are the power to tax and the power to regulate 
commerce — both interstate and foreign. This list of powers 
has been interpreted very liberally to make the Constitution 
fit modern conditions. 

AMENDMENTS. 

The ratification of some of the states was secured by a 
promise that there would be passed immediately a series of 
amendments safeguarding the rights of the people. Therefore 
there were passed the first ten amendments, which were called 
the AMERICAN BILL OF RIGHTS, providing for such 
things as free speech, religious freedom, right of jury trials, etc. 

The other amendments will be taken up at the proper place. 



26 A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 

THE NEW NATION 

GEORGE WASHINGTON— J789-J797, 

The first electoral college chose George Washington unani- 
mously. His task was to organize the new government. To 
aid him in administration several departments were organized. 
To manage foreign affairs came the State Department, with 
Thomas Jcffcrsan as Secretary of State; Alexander Hamilton 
was made Secretary of the Treasury ; General Knox was Secre- 
tary of War; Edmund Randolph was Attorney General. These 
officers were not appointed as a CABINET. The SENATE 
was intended to be an advisory body to the President. This 
plan proved impossible, and Washington took to the practice 
of asking advice from the heads of the departments and the 
Cabinet as at present formed grew up outside of the Consti- 
tution. 

THE TREASURY— (Hamilton) 

Hamilton found the country practically bankrupt, with no 
credit, no income and a depreciated currency. His recom- 
mendations to Congress were passed by that body as follows: 

1. FUNDING THE DEBT. This was the issuance of 
new bonds to all creditors of the government, thus recognizing 
all debts at par. The effect of this was to materiallj' raise the 
credit of the government. 

2. ASSUMPTION OF STATE DEBTS. The states had 
contracted debts during the Revolution, paying for armies, etc. 
This was really a national duty and Hamilton wanted Congress 
to fund these state debts with its own. The states, notably Vir- 
ginia, which had paid most of their debts, objected, but Vir- 
ginia was bought over by the agreement that the new capital 
should be put on the Potomac. 

3. IMPORT AND EXCISE TAXES. Although they 
would bring in little revenue, Hamilton had Congress pass acts 



A REVIEW OP AMERICAN HISTORY 27 

putting taxes on imports and on some goods made in this 
country, notably liquors. The farmers of western Pennsyl- 
vania refused to paj'^ the whiskey tax, thus putting the new 
government to the first test. Would it insist upon its authority? 
Washington called upon the troops and put down this 
WHISKEY REBELLION, thus establishing a sound pre- 
cedent. 

4. A UNITED STATE BANK. To carry on the finan- 
cial work of the government Hamilton wanted a bank chartered 
in which the United States should hold part of the stock, the 
bank to transact all government business. This met ojDposition 
from a great party led by Jefferson, who claimed that Con- 
gress had no power under the Constitution to charter a bank. 
They insisted upon STRICT CONSTRUCTION and they 
formed a party which took the name REPUBLICAN. Ham- 
ilton said that the Constitution must be subject to LOOSE 
CONSTRUCTION, giving much power to the central govern- 
ment, and his party took the name FEDERALIST. Much 
debate followed upon the "necessary and proper" clause. The 
Federalist part}'^ had the most of the moneyed or creditor class, 
while the Republican party had the masses of non-moneyed or 
debtor classes. Congress chartered the bank. 

FOREIGN AFFAIRS 

ENGLAND. Neither side had lived up to the Treaty of 
1783. Morover the United States needed a commercial treaty 
with Britain to secure some trade with British colonies. John 
Jay, who had been the first Chief-Justice of the Supreme Court, 
was sent to England, and he negotiated JAY'S TREATY I/P^. 
This treaty repeated the terms of tlie Treaty of 1783, but such 
was the lack of respect toward the United States as a nation 
that no commercial privileges could be gained. The treaty 
was very unsatisfactory to the people of this country, but it 
is now thought that Jay did as much as could have been done 
at the time. 

SPAIN. A treaty was secured with Spain granting to 
us the right to use tlie mouth of the Mississippi River. 



28 A REVIEW OP AMERICAN' HISTORY 

FRANCE. In 1789 the French Revolution had occurred 
and the Revolutionary party had gone to war with England. 
They claimed that in accordance with our treaty of alliance of 
1778, we were bound to aid them. We were in no condition 
for war and Washington issued his PROCLAMATION OF 
NEUTRALITY, claiming that the treaty held only in case of 
a defensive war. The French then sent over Citizen Genet, to 
try to secure the aid, and he shared the general European idea 
that we had no government which was to be respected. Genet 
landed at Charlestown, S. C, and on his way north acted as 
if the United States were already in the war. He arranged 
for captured prizes to be brought here, for admiralty courts of 
France, for troops, etc., and met some popular approval. Fin- 
ally, however, he became bolder and there was a reaction 
against him, and, at the request of Washington, he was re- 
called. 

JOHN ADAMS— J797-J80J— Federalist. 

France, angered at this rebuff, and at our making a treaty 
with England, began to attack our shipping and, finally, Talley- 
rand refused to receive our minister. We sent three envoys 
to obtain redress, and they were met by three Frenchmen, 
known as X, Y and Z, who finally announced a demand for 
a $250,000 tribute. A cry for war arose in America, and a short 
naval war followed, which was ended when Napoleon came 
into power in France. 

The Republican Party had taken sides with France in this 
quarrel, and the Federalist party in power, against France and 
with England. The Federalists, in fear of the mass of French 
sympathizers passed the ALIEN AND SEDITION ACTS, 
enabling the President to remove from the country objection- 
able aliens and punishing any persons criticising the govern- 
ment. 

These acts were branded as unconstitutional by the Repub- 
licans, and formal protest was made by the VIRGINIA AND 



A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 29 

KENTUCKY RESOLUTIONS, in which, under the leadership 
of Jefferson and Madison, these two states held that a state 
need not obey a law of Congress if the state thought it uncon- 
stitutional. This is one of the first cases of the theory of states' 
rights and nullification. 

This quarrel solidified the Republican party to such an 
extent that they were able to win the election in l8oo by a good 
majority. Jefferson called this election the REVOLUTION 
OF 1800, since he claimed that the capitalistic class had been 
ousted from the government and the people returned to control. 

According to the constitutional method of electing the 
President, the electors wrote two names on each ballot. The 
party organization of the Republicans was so perfect that all 
their electors wrote the same two names, JEFFERSON and 
BURR, with the unexpected result that there was a TIE. This 
had to be settled by the House, and they finally elected Jeffer- 
son. 

With the great change in parties, the Federalists made a 
last attempt to retain some control when John Adams spent the 
last few days in office making thousands of appointments to 
government oflices, the MIDNIGHT APPOINTMENTS. 
Many of these were turned out by Jefferson, but he could not 
change the most important of these, that of JOHN MAR- 
SHALL as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. 



THOMAS JEFFERSON— J80J-J809— Republican, 

One of the fundamental principles of the Republican 
party was economy in government expenditures, and, under 
Albert Gallatin, Secretary of the Treasury, the debt was gradu- 
ally reduced. Another great doctrine of the party was Strict 
Construction, but this was soon neutralized by the Louisiana 
Purchase. 



30 A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 

J803— LOUISIANA PURCHASE. 

By a secret treaty with Spain, Napoleon, who was in power 
in France, had gotten Louisiana. We began negotiations to 
get a little strip at the mouth of the river, but when Napoleon 
became discouraged in his attempt at an empire, and needed 
money, he offered to sell the whole tract for $15,000,000. Jef- 
ferson concluded the purchase in 1803. There being nothing in 
the Constitution about the purchase of new territory, this was 
counter to Jefferson's political faith. "Strict construction never 
meant the same after the Louisiana Purchase." 

After buying Louisiana, explorers were sent out to ex- 
amine it; among whom the most notable were Lcii'is and Clark, 
who got as far as Oregon, and Pike, who went into the South- 
west. 

THE NAPOLEONIC WARS. 

With Jefferson's inauguration we come to the period of 
the wars of Napoleon, which were to last until 181.5. To hinder 
the enemy, each side, England and France, passed edicts known 
as ORDERS IN COUNCIL or DECREES, which were Paper 
Blockades of the enemy coasts. Our ships going either to 
England or France were taken as prizes, a practice which we 
claimed was against international law, and a violation of 
neutral rights. Protests did no good, and in 1807 Congress 
passed the EMBARGO Act, prohibiting ships to leave our 
ports for Europe, in the hope that want of our products would 
make the nations give in. This did not happen and our ship- 
ping interests demanded that it be repealed. In 1809, the 
NON-INTERCOURSE ACT was passed, shutting off trade 
with only the warring nations. This was also unsuccessful, 
and in 1810 was passed MACON'S BILL, which was a shame- 
ful bid for rights. We agreed that if either nation would re- 
move the objectionable acts, we would agree not to trade with 
the other. France made the agreement, but did not abide by 
it. There we leave the quarrel until the next administration. 



A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 31 

JAMES MADISON— J809-J5J7— Republican 

With this administration a new man, Henry Clay, appears 
in Washington, to be a leading actor for the next forty years. 
He saw in the actions of Europe a cause for war, and became 
the leader of the "War Hawks," finally getting Congress to 
declare war upon England in 1812. It must be remembered 
that Congress was divided, the Republicans siding with France 
against England, and the Federalists, who were strong in New 
England, with England against France. The war was very 
unpopular in New England and was called Mr. Madison's 
War. 

On land the war was rather unsuccessful and the Federalists 
became more and more discontented. In addition to a refusal 
to support the government, the opposition became more active 
with the calling of the HARTFORD CONVENTION in 1815. 
This convention passed measures looking toward constitutional 
amendments to make another war to which they objected im- 
possible, and to take the control of the Presidency from Vir- 
ginia. The delegates arrived in Washington at the same time 
as the news of the victory at New Orleans, and in the state of 
mind of the nation after a victory, the movement had little 
effect other than to practically KILL THE FEDERALIST 
PARTY. It never again put up a candidate. 

The causes of the war may be stated: 

1. Illegal blockading. 2. Impressment of our sailors. 

The TREATY OF GHENT, which closed the war, was 
nothing but an agreement to stop fighting. England refused 
positively to agree that either of these practices should be 
discontinued. The end of the Napoleonic Wars removed the 
causes for them, however. 

It will have been seen that before the War of 1812 our 
political independence gained in the Revolution was of little 
use to us. Genet, the X, Y, Z affair, the Orders in Council 
and Decrees all showed our real dependence upon Europe. 



32 A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 

After 1807 came a change. The Embargo cut us off from 
Europe and we began manufacturing; for a market we began 
to look to our own West. This development brought an entire 
change in policy after 1816. In quick succession we have the 
first PROTECTIVE TARIFF, the ARMY AND NAVY 
BILL, the building of the NATIONAL ROAD and the ERIE 
CANAL, and as we shall see later a new confidence in our 
foreign affairs resulting in the Florida episode in 1819 and the 
Monroe Doctrine of 1823. The year 1816 marks the beginning 
of the nation. 

JAMES MONROE— J 8 J 7- J 825.— Republican 

Since the Hartford Convention had ruined the Federalist 
party, Monroe was elected with but one party in the field and 
so he called it an ERA OF GOOD FEELING. It Avas not this 
in reality, as new issues soon arose. 

J8J9— FLORIDA, 

In 1783 Spain had received Florida, and was unable to 
police it properly. The Indians made repeated raids across 
our border. Andrew Jackson was sent down to drive out the 
Indians, and in his zeal continued into Florida, incidentally 
executing some British subjects. He was hurriedly recalled, 
but a demand was made upon Spain that she should either 
properly police Florida, or sell it to us, stating that if she did 
neither, Ave would take it. She sold it to us in 1819. 

J820— THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE. 

The great slavery question in the United States is whether 
SLAVERY SHOULD BE ADMITTED INTO THE NEW 
TERRITORY. The question only became important after 
the acquisition of new territory. The Louisiana Purchase began 
to fill with people after the war and the question came up soon, 
"shall it be slave or free?" The Southerners held that Con- 
gress could pass no law on the subject, since tlie word "terri- 



A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 33 

tory" in Section 3, Clause 2, meant land actually owned by the 
government and not land merely governed. Congress looked 
at it from the northern standpoint and passed the ^Missouri 
Compromise in 1820, making Missouri a slave state, but shut- 
ting slavery out of all "territory" north of the line 36-30. Con- 
gress had a strong hold on the situation. Watch how this 
attitude changes in 1850, a change wliich brought the Civil 
War. 

J823— THE MONROE DOCTRINE. 

At the Congress of Vienna, 1815, the monarchs of Europe, 
to prevent a repetition of the French Revolution, made an alli- 
ance, agreeing that if a revolution broke out in any of their 
lands they would all unite to put it down and keep themselves 
in power. This agreement was worked both in Spain and in 
Italy. An unexpected case came when the Spanish colonies in 
South America revolted under the leadership of San Martin 
and Bolivar. The Alliance threatened to send forces to regain 
the colonies for Spain. This was distasteful to England, which 
had secured quite a trade with the new Latin states. The Eng- 
lish minister, George Canning, not wishing to act alone, sug- 
gested to the United States that the two nations jointly prevent 
the action of the alliance. Our Secretary of State, John Oiiiucy 
Adams, and the President were against a joint action. We 
were interested from the standpoint of self-protection. We 
were also interested because the Russians in the west were adding 
to their territory south of Alaska. Finall}^ we decided to pro- 
test alone and, in 1823, Monroe, in a message to Congress, 
voiced what is known as the MONROE DOCTRINE. It is 
a statement of our policy which says that the Americas shall 
not be considered as open to settlement by any European nation, 
and that if any European nation should get more land over 
here, it would be. considered by us as an iinfricndiv act. This 
statement had the desired effect at the time largely because we 
were backed by tlie Englisli fleet. The Monroe Doctrine is 



34 A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 

now considered by the United States as a national policy. Watch 
through the remainder of the history for incidents involving 
the Monroe Doctrine, and come to your own decision as to 
whether we ought still to hold to it. 

^824— THE ELECTION OF J 824. 

There being only one party in the field, tlie election be- 
came a struggle between favorite candidates of different sections. 
The candidates were Jackson, J. Q. Adams, Crawford, Clay 
and Calhoun. Calhoun dropped out and the other candidates 
finished in the order named, with no one having the required 
majority. As provided in the Constitution, the House had to 
elect from the first three. Clay, who thus was ruled out, was 
the Speaker of the House. His influence was used to elect 
Adams. 

The election had two important results. Adams chose Clay 
Secretary of State, and it was claimed that there was a corrupt 
deal between them. There was probably no such deal, but 
the suspicion killed Clay politically. The other result was the 
attitude of Jackson. Being convinced that he had been de- 
feated by a deal, he began at once to organize a new party 
for the next election. Tlius we have a split in the Republican 
party. The Adams men took the name National Republicans 
and afterwards WHIGS; the Jackson men were the Demo- 
cratic Republicans or the DEMOCRATS. The two parties 
lasted until after 1854. 

JOHN QUINCY ADAMS— J 825- J 829— Whig. 

This administration saw little done because of party strife. 
Clay, the Secretary of State, was a great influence. One of 
his hobbies, while in the House, was the recognition of the 
South American Republics. He kept his interest in them and 
advocated a conference of all the Latin- American states called 
for Panama. The conference was held, although our delegates 



A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 35 

did not arrive in time for it. These congresses have been held 
at intervals ever since, the subjects discussed being now mostly 
of a commercial nature. 

Clay preached a doctrine which he called the AMERICAN 
SYSTEM, that the development of the United States internally 
was a function of the central government. This could be done 
by protective tariffs, by the building of roads, the latter at 
federal expense, and by other national improvements. This 
period saw the passage of two protective tariffs, 1824 and 1828, 
the latter called by the South, the TARIFF OF ABOMINA- 
TIONS. South Carolina particularly objected, since she had to 
buy all of her manufactures and since she was in bad condi- 
tion financially, due to the decline in the price of her long- 
staple cotton. Eed by Jolui C. Calhoun, she passed the SOUTH 
CAROLINA EXPOSITION, which stated that the law was 
unconstitutional, not being uniform, and for that reason the 
state did not propose to obey it. It suggested that the matter 
be decided by a referendum to the states, a three-fourths vote 
of the states in favor of the law settling it. In the meantime 
an attempt to enforce the law would be resisted with force. 



ANDREW JACKSON— J 829- J 837— Democrat. 

Jackson met the situation in South Carolina by preparing 
to use force to collect the tax, but Congress put the decision 
oft' by passing tlie Compromise Tariff of 1833, which reduced 
the tariff. 

Jackson went into office as a man of the common people; 
he began witli a very riotous and inelegant inaugural reception, 
and proceeded to disregard many of the precedents set for the 
President. He got most of his advice from a group of his un- 
official friends, a group known as the "Kitchen Cabinet." He 
turned out of office thousands of his political enemies, this prac- 
tice getting the name the "Spoils System." With these offices 
he rewarded his own follov/ers. 



36 A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 

The sectionalism which had cropped out in the struggle 
over the Tariff of 1828 became more evident. The North and 
the South each was bidding for tlie support of the new West. 
One episode is famous. In a debate on Foote's Resolution on 
the disposal of western lands, there came a debate between 
Webster of the North and Haync of the South, Avhich turned 
upon the question of State Rights. Hayne held that the states 
were superior to the Federal government, while Webster held 
that the nation was supreme and the states subordinate. The 
debate had no immediate results but it points the direction in 
which the two sections are traveling. 

The great episode of Jackson's time was his fight upon 
the U. S. Bank. The bank was first chartered at the request 
of Hamilton and its charter had been once renewed, the re- 
newed charter expiring in 1836. Jackson was against the bank 
because he held that : 

1. It was unfair for a small group of men to profit from 
the use of government money. 

2. It was unsafe for a small group of men to control the 
government surplus, which at the time was very great. 

3. The bank had been a political force against Jackson. 
This last was probably the important consideration. 

It seemed that Congress would charter the bank and so 
Jackson took the question into the campaign of 1832. He was 
elected upon a platform calling for the destruction of the bank, 
and he immediately decided to destroy it. The Secretary of 
the Treasury was ordered to withdraw the U. S. funds; he 
refused, and was replaced by a new man. He in turn refused 
and was removed. Finally Taney was appointed and he with- 
drew the funds. The bank, after a short struggle, went out 
of existence. 

The next question was what to do with this money. 
Jackson decided to distribute it among the state banks. This 
would distribute the profits and the control of the money. To 
get this money hundreds of banks, with little backing, sprang 
up all over the land. They are the WILDCAT BANKS. Many 



A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 37 

banks, the PET BANKS, received more than their share of the 
money. 

This distribution brought a lot of money into the market 
just at the time of a great movement toward the purchase of 
western lands. The banks lent this money on the security of 
western lands; they issued millions in bank notes; the circu- 
lation became highly inflated. Then Jackson did two things 
which brought a crisis. He decided to distribute a great bal- 
ance in the Treasury among the states. The banks were called 
upon to produce much of the government deposit. At the 
same time he issued the SPECIE CIRCULAR, demanding that 
all payments to the government for lands be in gold and silver. 
These two demands upon the banks were more than many of 
them could stand and there ensued the Panic of 1837. This 
came in the next administration. 

In the meantime history was being made in Texas, which 
was a part of Mexico. The fine lands of Texas had attracted 
thousands of Americans, who had gone there encouraged by 
the Mexican government. In tlie period of Jackson, Mexico 
attached Texas to the Mexican State of Coahuila, thereby put- 
ting the Americans and their property under the rule of the 
Mexican government of that province. Protests came forth 
and hostilities soon started, the Texans led by Sam Houston. 
At the Alamo the Mexican Santa Anna massacred a garrison, 
but at San Jacinto, the Mexicans were defeated by Houston 
(1836), and Texas was recognized as an independent state. 
The American population of Texas immediately applied for 
admission to the union. It would be a slave state and its ad- 
mission was opposed by Northern Congressmen. It was not 
finally admitted until 1845. 

Jackson had absolute control of his party machinery and 
practically named the next President. He had planned to put 
Calhoun forward, but he discovered that Calhoun had been 
opposed to his part in the Florida struggle Avay back in 1818-19, 
and so Jackson turned to Martin VanBuren, a New York 
politician. 



38 A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 

MARTIN VAN BUREN—J837-J84f— Democrat. 

Van Buren came into office with the Panic of 1837. This 
panic had two important results: 

1. To do away with bank troubles the government estab- 
lished an INDEPENDENT TREASURY SYSTEM. 

2. The selling of western lands being part of the cause 
of the trouble, the government began the practice of giving 
away the lands to actual settlers. 

In this period the slavery question began to have a moral 
turn. The work of ]ViUiam Lloyd Garrison, the editor of the 
LIBERATOR, showed the most radical side. His ideas were 
not generally accepted at first. Gradually the North began 
to line up in opposition to slavery. By means of the UNDER- 
GROUND RAILWAY, runaway slaves were aided to Canada. 
Anti-slavery petitions began to flood into Congress. This 
movement was making for a break between the two sections. 

At the next election, the Whigs, with WilUain Henry Har- 
rison as candidate, carried on a spirited campaign. Remember- 
ing Harrison's victory over the Indians, the Whigs used the 
campaign cry "Tippecanoe and Tyler, too," and won out. 

WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON (TYLER— J54J-J845— 

Whig. 

Harrison died soon after his inauguration and Tyler, who 
was really a Democrat, became President. He had trouble 
with the W^hig Congress and very little was accomplished. 

The WEBSTER-ASHBURTON TREATY settled the 
boundary line between Maine and Canada. 

We have already traced the Texas question up to the de- 
mand for admission to the union. This question became an 
issue at the election of ISJ'l; the Democrats favored admission 
and the Whigs, with Clay as their candidate, opposed admission. 
Polk, the Democratic candidate, won. Between election and 
inauguration Tyler decided that if annexation was inevitable 



A REVIEW OP AMERICAN HISTORY 39 

he might as well have the credit for it, and Texas was admitted 
early in 1845. 

JAMES K. POLK— f845-J849— Democrat. 

MANIFEST DESTINY is an expression used to describe 
the feeling of national ambition which pervaded the nation 
during this decade. A feeling was widecast that the United 
States should extend to the Pacific. This would necessitate 
the acquisition of the land west of the Rockies. The Northern 
half of this was OREGON. This was claimed by the United 
States because of the work of Lewis and Clarke, Captain Gray 
and the settlement of Astor and others. England claimed it 
chiefly by the discovery of Drake. In 1818, it had been decided 
that the territory should be occupied jointly. After 1840 we 
find a demand that England give up her claims. INIarcus Whit- 
man, a missionary, had gone there in 1833, and inspired much 
interest in the region. The introduction of Linn's Bill shows 
the interest of Congress. The nation soon demanded that Eng- 
land give up her claims as far north as 54°-40' — "54-40 or 
Fight." In 1846, the matter was adjusted by dividing this 
territory; the boundary was fixed at the 49th parallel. 

The acquisition of the rest of the territory demanded by 
manifest destiny was hastened by a quarrel with Mexico, who 
owned the southern section. The causes for our troubles with 
Mexico may be summarized: 

1. The demand for California (Manifest Destiny). 

2. The desire for the adjustment of debts owed to some 
of our citizens by the government of Mexico. 

3. A dispute over the boundary, Mexico claiming that it 
was the Ahicccs River, and the United States claiming that it 
was the Rio Grande. 

SlidcH was sent to Mexico with the suggestion that the 
debts be settled by the cession of California, but our activities 
along the border when our troops invaded the contested area. 



40 A REVIEW OP AMERICAN HISTORY 

caused Mexico to refuse to treat witli our envoy. War then 
was precipitated, in which the United States won every battle. 
The treaty which closed the war provided: 

1. The boundary of Texas to be the Rio Grande. 

2. The United States to get all the territory between 
Oregon and Texas north of the Gila River. 

3. The United States to pay Mexico $15,000,000, and thy 
money claims to be arranged for. 

It is stated by some that this war was unjustified, and that 
it was a steal by a stronger nation from a weaker. Come ti 
some definite decision yourself on this point. 

The acquisition of all this new territory brought the 
slavery question once more to the fore. First it was brought 
up when the House was to appropriate money to end the war. 
The WILMOT PROVISO was tacked onto the bill as an 
amendment. It provided that no slavery should ever exist in 
the land acquired from Mexico. In the debate in Congress 
this clause was defeated, but the struggle for it showed the alti- 
tude of the two sections. 

ZACHARY TAYLOR— J 849- J 53S— Whig. 

The questions at issue between the North and South, 
chiefly that of slavery in the Mexican cession, had to be settled. 
Clay once more led and, after a violent debate, secured the pass- 
age of the OMNIBUS BILL or the COMPROMISE OF 1850. 
The chief provision was that Congress decided not to dictate 
whether this territory should be slave or free, but left it to the 
localities to decide— SQUATTER SOVEREIGNTY. The im- 
portance of this is in the change of attitude since 1820. Then 
Congress took upon itself the right to shut slavery out of the 
territory; in 1850, Congress assumed that it had no such 
power, which was a violent swing toward the Southern point 
of view. This act applied only to the Mexican cession, but 
with this attitude in Congress, the South immediately began 
to think of having the Missouri Compromise repealed. Other 



A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 41 

provisions of tlie bill of 1850 were a new and stricter Fugitive 
Slave Law, making it the duty of federal officials to aid in 
returning runaway slaves ; the prohibition of the slave trade 
in the District of Columbia; the admission of California as a 
free state. This latter had been made necessary by the dis- 
covery of gold in that region in 18J-9, resulting in a great rush 
of the 49'ers into the gold field. 

In 1850, Taylor died, and Fillmore became President. 

The opening of California brought up the question of a 
canal across Panama. England, with her policy of controlling 
the seas, did not relish the idea of the building of such a canal 
by the United States, and so we agreed to the CLAYTON- 
BULWER Treaty, by which it was agreed that if a canal were 
to be built it would be a joint project. This treaty held until 
it was superseded by tlie Hay-Pauncefote Treaty in 1901. 

FRANKLIN PIERCE— 1 853- J 857— Democrat. 

In this administration the question of the right of Con- 
gress to rule slaver}^ out of the territories once more became 
acute. This right, which had been taken in 1820, had ruled 
slavery out of the Louisiana Purchase north of 36-30. The 
change of front indicated by the act of 1850 reopened the 
question, and there was a determination to get Congress to 
repeal the Missouri Compromise. Stephen A. Douglas, the 
Senator from Illinois, from motives that are not altogether 
clear, introduced tlie KANSAS-NEBRASKA BILL, and se- 
cured its passage in ISSi. This provided that the Missouri 
Compromise should be repealed, and that the territory north 
of 36-30 should be organized into two territories, which should, 
when th^y were ready to enter the union, decide for them- 
selves whether they should be slave or free. This gave the 
South a complete victory, as they now had access to all the 
territories, and that was the kernel of the slavery dispute. 
This bill had two great results: 



42 A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 

1. Since popular vote was to decide in each territory 
whether it was to enter as a slave state or a free state, both 
Northerners and Southerners flocked into Kansas, and at- 
to kill off the opposing voters before election. Thus the 
BLOODY KANSAS episode, in which John Brown first be- 
comes prominent. 

2. The victory of the Southerners showed those opposed 
to the extension of slaverj?^ that their only hope of success was 
to get control of the government. This could be done only 
by the organization of a new party, as the two old parties 
would not take sides upon the question. Those opposed to the 
extension of slavery into the territories began to unite and we 
find the beginning of the present-day REPUBLICAN PARTY. 

The publication of "Uncle Tom's Cabin," by Harriet 
Bccchcr Ston'c, did much to fire the spirits of the Northerners, 
particularly of the Abolitionists. 

JAMES BUCHANAN— J857-J86J— Democrat. 

The Republican Party had not sufficient strength to win 
this election, although they had a candidate in the field. The 
need for the new party was accentuated bj'^ the DRED SCOTT 
DECISION in 1856. 

DRED SCOTT was a slave who had been taken into terri- 
tory made free by the Missouri Compromise. He thereupon 
claimed his freedom and the fight was carried to the Supreme 
Court, where it was decided, among other things, that Scott 
was not free because the Missouri Compromise was unconsti- 
tutional. Congress having no power to legislate slavery out of 
the territories. This made a complete victory for the Southern- 
ers, and the new Republicans became more determined to win 
control of the government. 

This constitutional point was the chief subject of the LIN- 
COLN-DOUGLAS DEBATES. Lincoln and Douglas were 
candidates for the Senate from Illinois, and they arranged a 
series of meetings where they should speak from the same plat- 



A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 43 

form. Douglas was a Northern Democrat, and Lincoln, a 
Republicans, with leanings toward abolition. Douglas upheld 
"Squatter Sovereignty" as the principle of his Kansas-Nebraska 
Bill. At the Frccport debate, Lincoln, by a skillful question, 
got Douglas to say that people of the territoi-y itself could 
keep slavery out, although Congress could not. This appeased 
the people of Illinois, and Douglas was elected to the Senate, 
but it angered the South so that they would have none of 
Douglas when he came up for the Presidency in 1860. 

John Bi'oicii, whom we have seen in Kansas, in 1859, took it 
upon himself to free the slaves, and in the process he attacked 
the government arsenal at Harper's Ferry. He was captured 
and hanged for treason, but the excitement added to the 
ferment which made the election of 1860 one of the most 
violently contested in history. 

In 1860, the Republicans passed over Seward, the logical 
candidate, and nominated Abraham Lincoln, upon a platform 
calling for the abolition of slavery in the Territories. The 
Democrats nominated Stephen A. Donglas. His Freeport Doc- 
trine had so angered the South that they left the convention 
and put up a separate candidate, Brcckenridge. Some of the 
middle states did not wish to take a violent ground upon the 
subject of the day, and formed a Union Party, nominating 
Bell, upon a neutral platform. 

The South frankly threatened that if Lincoln won upon 
such a platform as the Republicans had adopted, they would 
not remain in the union. At the Eleetion of i860 the Republi- 
cans won, largely because of the split in the Democratic ranks, 
and the Southern states, led by South Carolina, immediately 
announced their secession. 

Opinion in the North was divided, many able men being 
in favor of allowing the South to secede. The break came 
when South Carolina attempted to capture the government 
property in her harbor and fired upon Fort Sumter. This 
firing upon the flag was what was needed to arouse the North 
and an army was recruited. The fighting continued four years, 
with the government finally successful. 



44 A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 

ABRAHAM LINCOLN— J86 J- J 865— Republican. 

The administration of Lincoln is taken up entirely with the 
Civil War. The chief men of his cabinet were Sczuard, Secre- 
tary of State ; Stanton, Secretary of War, and Chase, Secretary 
of the Treasury. The military history of the war will not be 
considered here. Note first the foreign relations of the period. 

RELATIONS WITH ENGLAND, 

England, with her big interests in the manufacture of 
cotton from the South and in the sale of goods to the South, 
had nothing to lose and everthing to gain by the success of 
the Southern cause. The government of England issued a 
proclamation of neutrality, itself a blow at the North because 
it gave the rebels as we called them, the rights of belligerents. 

Great friction came when Mason and SlidcU, two Southern 
envoys, were taken from an English vessel by a United States 
captain, thus violating the neutral rights of English ships. 
After some debate the men were ordered given up to England. 

The most serious trouble came when an English firm fitted 
out some ships of war for the South. In spite of the protests of 
our minister to England, Adams, the English government 
allowed the ships to sail, and they did great damage to United 
States shipping. The most important of these ships was the 
ALABAMA. After the war a demand was made that England 
pay for the damage done, and the matter was settled by arbi- 
tration. 

As the war went on the people of England began to show 
their sympathy with the union cause and the government 
ceased to show active sympathy with the South. 

SLAVERY. 

When Lincoln was elected he stated that he had no inten- 
tion of freeing the slaves. When General Freemont issued an 
order in Missouri, freeing the slaves there, Lincoln counter- 
manded the order. However, as the war went on, it became 
very evident that the slaves were a great asset to the South and 



A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 45 

Lincoln, in his capacity as Commander-in-Chief of the army of 
the United States, decided that they must be freed. On Janu- 
ary 1, 1863, he issued the EMANCIPATION PROCLAMA- 
TION, which stated that the slaves in all states then in revolt 
should be freed. It was a military measure and did not apply 
to the loyal states. 

At the close of the war, by the regular process, the Thir- 
teenth Amendment to the Constitution was put into force, and 
this freed all of the slaves in the United States. 

LINCOLN AND ANDREW JOHNSON— J 865- J 869— 

Republican. 

Lincoln was re-elected in 1864, but was killed soon after 
inauguration, and the Presidency fell upon Johnson, who had 
been a Democrat. The great problem now was the readmission 
of the seceded states which had been defeated in battle. Lin- 
coln had formed a very simple plan, viz., that as soon as 10 
per cent, of the voters in any state swore allegiance to the 
union, met in a convention and ratified the Thirteenth Amend- 
ment freeing the slaves and elected Congressmen who would 
swear allegiance, the state would be admitted immediately. 
This plan was accepted by Johnson, and began the process of 
what is known as RECONSTRUCTION. 

When the new Congressmen came to Washington they 
found that the Republican Congress, under the leadership of 
Thaddeus Stevens in the House, and Charles Sumner, in the 
Senate, would not admit them. This was because: 

1. They felt that it would be dangerous to the country 
for the recent rebels to hold the balance of power in Congress. 

2. They maintained that justice required that the South- 
erners give to the negro rights equal to the rights of the whites. 

3. Probably the biggest reason, although unexpressed, 
was the feeling that the coming of a large number of Demo- 
crats from the South, would endanger Republican domination 
of Congress. 



46 A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 

These objections could be met if Congress should insist 
upon the disfranchisement of the whites who had been the 
leaders of the revolt and upon the enfranchisement of the negro. 
The latter would all be Republican. 

Congress then passed its RECONSTRUCTION ACTS 
embodying these ideas. Johnson, angry at the overturning of 
his work, vetoed the acts, and Congress passed them over his 
veto. The chief points of the Congressional plan were: 

1. The negroes were allowed to vote. 

2. The white leaders to be disfranchised. 

3. The 13th, 14th and 15th amendments to be ratified. 

4. Until these conditions were met the South to be gov- 
erned by martial law. 

The story here divides into two branches, the working out 
of the plan in the South and the Quarrel between Johnson and 
Congress. 

JOHNSON AND CONGRESS, 

Johnson began to veto every law sent to him by Congress, 
who, in turn, passed each bill over his veto. The President 
became abusive in his language and the breach widened. When 
the Congressional election of 1866 came, Johnson went on the 
stump with his famous "Swing Around the Circuit," making 
speeches which were to say the least, undignified. His efforts 
had no effect upon the election, and the members of Congress 
returned, determined to get even with Johnson — to impeach 
him, if possible. 

An excuse for this latter came with the TENURE OF 
OFFICE ACT. Congress passed a law that the President 
could not dismiss an oflicer without their consent. Johnson 
wanted to dismiss Sfanfoii, and believed the law unconstitu- 
tional. The only way to test this was to dismiss the officer and 
have the Supreme Court to act upon the case. Johnson dis- 
missed Stanton. Instead of taking it to the court. Congress 
started impeachment proceedings. In the trial in the Senate, 



A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 47 

the President was acquitted by one vote. Historians now gen- 
erally agree that Johnson was in the right in the matter of 
the act. 

RECONSTRUCTION IN THE SOUTH, 

The plan prescribed by Congress was forced upon the 
South by the military power and soon the governments of the 
states were in the hands of the ignorant negro vote. This vote 
was dominated by Northern politicians called ''Carpet-Baggers," 
and by unscrupulous Southerners called "Scallazvags." The 
whites of the South lived in a reign of terror while the states 
were being carried toward bankruptcy. 

The problem of the South was much deeper than this 
political situation. Their troubles were: 

1. Industrial and Economic. The four years of war upon 
their territory had destroyed their wealth and the producing 
power of the old plantations. Industrial life had to be re-estab- 
lished, and Congress did not touch this problem except in the 
matter of aiding negroes through the "Freedman's Aid Bu- 
reau," which developed into a machine to control the negro 
vote. 

2. Labor. The abolition of slavery left the South with 
no labor class, and this had to be gradually remedied. 

3. Social. The host of freed slaves used their new free- 
dom to emphasize their equality with the whites. 

4. Political. The governmental machinery was in the 
hands of the negro vote. 

These conditions were not aided by federal action; indeed, 
they were accentuated. State action was impossible since the 
negroes controlled the government. The whites began to look 
to extra-legal relief, and an organization, the KU KLUX 
KLAN, was formed to terrorize the negroes into a respect for 
the whites in their social relations and to frighten them away 
from the voting places. The movement was pretty successful, 
and the whites soon regained control of the governments and 



48 A REVIEW OP AMERICAN HISTORY 

then disfranchised most of the blacks by literacy requirements 
for the vote. In the meantime the industrial conditions had 
been improved by the introduction of new industries, looking 
forward to what is today known as the NEW SOUTH. By 
1876 the Reconstruction of the South was virtually complete. 



THE UNITED STATES SINGE 1865 

The history since 1865 will not be taken up chronologically, 
but rather by subjects. In order to make sure of the admin- 
istrations they should be learned as follows: 

ULYSSES S. GRANT Republican 1869-1877 

RUTHERFORD B. HAYES Republican 1877-1881 

JAMES A. GARFIELD (Arthur) Republican 1881-1885 

GROVER CLEVELAND Democratic 1885-1889 

BENJAMIN HARRISON Republican 1889-1893 

GROVER CLEVELAND Democratic 1893-1897 

WILLIAM McKINLEY Republican 1897-1901 

McKINLEY and ROOSEVELT Republican 1901-1905 

THEODORE ROOSEVELT Republican 1905-1909 

WILLIAM H. TAFT Republican 1909-1913 

WOODROW WILSON Democratic 1913-1921 

WARREN G. HARDING Republican 1921- 

After the Civil War came a period which is characterized 
by a widespread discontent among all classes. Each of the im- 
portant subjects of discontent is here taken up ; the student 
should be sure to grasp the causes of the discontent and the 
chief attempts made to remedy the condition. 

1. CORRUPTION IN THE GOVERNMENT. 

In the administration of Grant there came to light a mass 
of corruption in all walks of life. Grant had been a good 
military leader but he was a poor President, his appointments 
to office being in many cases most unfortunate. This was not 



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A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 49 

the fundamental cause, hoM^ever, as a wave seemed to strike 
the nation at large. 

The corruption showed itself particularly in the city gov- 
ernments. This is the period of the TWEED RING in New 
York City, the Gas Ring in Philadelphia, and a like corrupt 
crowd in most of the other large cities. By dishonest methods, 
millions were stolen from the people in each of the cities. 

The Federal government felt the difficulty also. THE 
WHISKEY RING in the St. Louis Custom House stole im- 
mense amounts of money on liquor taxes; the Credit Mobilier, 
a company which will be discussed when we treat of the rail- 
roads, was discovered to have presented much of its stock to 
Congressmen and other officials who could aid it by their in- 
fluence. 

Much of this fraud was laid at the door of the poor ap- 
pointments of the President. By the Spoils System, which is 
attributed to Jackson, the offices of the government were 
thought of as rewards for political service. A movement is 
felt soon after 1870 which has for its object the abolition of the 
Spoils System by the appointment of officials only after com- 
petitive examinations — what we know today as the Civil Serv- 
ice Examinations. After Garfield had been shot by a disap- 
pointed office-seeker, the movement gained great headway, and 
in 1883, Congress passed the PENDLETON BILL. 

The Pendleton Bill provided for a commission empowered 
to give examinations, and made it lawful for the President to 
appoint to office on the basis of this examination, if he sazv fit. 
Note that the President was not compelled to do anything. 
The result was that each President had to face a struggle be- 
tween his promises to tlie people to appoint after examinations, 
and the demands of his party followers for rewards for their 
party work. Each president has added a feM' more offices to 
the Civil Service list. Harrison appointed Roosevelt to the Civil 
Service Commission, to which work he brought his usual energy. 
Now most of the offices, except the administrative ones, are 
secured bv examination. 



50 A REVIEW OP AMERICAN HISTORY 

This movement applied only to appointive offices. Very- 
soon the de.velopment of the party machine and the BOSS 
brought about a state of affairs which made the voters demand 
more control over elective officers. A series of measures has 
come more recently which very greatly curbs the power of the 
boss. The student should get definite information about each 
of the following, and should see how each fits into this move- 
ment for a greater responsibility of elective officers: Direct 
Primaries, Corrupt Practice Acts, Australian Ballot, The Re- 
call, Initiative and Referendum, Direct Election of Senators, 
Woman Suffrage. 

2. THE CURRENCY. 

During the Civil War a great mass of Greenbacks had 
been issued. These had depreciated until at the end of the 
war they were worth about 80 cents on the dollar. The period 
around 1870 is a period of expansion into the West, and much 
western land was bought and mortgaged when values were de- 
termined by a depreciated currency. 

The government decided to recall the greenbacks as soon 
as possible. This would reduce the amount of money in circu- 
lation, and would have two effects upon the western farmer. 
It would make them pay their debts in a more valuable and 
more scarce currency and it would lower the price Avhich they 
received for their produce. These two effects produced much 
distress and discontent in the Middle West. 

The farmers decided that the cause of the whole trouble 
was the lack of the proper amount of money in circulation, 
and that it could be remedied if more greenbacks Avere issued. 
This would be unacceptable to the moneyed classes of the East, 
and the GREENBACK ^lOVEMENT of Grant's administra- 
tion was a failure. The supply of money steadily fell and the 
distress continued. 

Disappointed in their demand for greenbacks the farmers 
soon found a new source of supply — silver. In 1873, by the 
so-called Crime of 1873, the silver dollar had been dropped 



A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 51 

from circulation. Aided by the silver miners of the Rockies, 
the farmers now began to demand increasing the supply of 
money by the COINAGE OF SILVER in an unlimited 
amount. Congress bowed to this demand by passing the 
BLAND-ALLISON SILVER BILL in 1878. This provided 
for the coinage of from two to four millions in silver per month. 

The agitation did not stop, however, and the bill was re- 
placed by the SHERMAN SILVER Act in 1890, which pro- 
vided for an increase in the amount of silver to be bought, but 
which need not be coined in larger amounts. This was so un- 
wise that it had to be repealed a few years later, leaving the 
silver issue again up in the air. 

In 1896, IVilliajii Jennings Bryan, from the Middle West, 
appeared at the Democratic Convention, and made a speech 
demanding the Free and Unlimited Coinage of Silver at i6-i. 
This was what his section wanted most of all and he was nomi- 
nated on the Democratic ticket. The moneyed interests of the 
East saw that this would be fatal to their interests and, under 
the leadership of Mark Hanna, an Ohio business man, they 
elected the Republican nominee, McKinley. This is the last we 
hear of the silver issue, as the discovery of gold in the Klondike 
did much to remedy the shortage of coin. 

3. THE RAILROADS. 

Grant's administration had seen the completion of the 
Union Pacific Railroad, the route of which should be fixed in 
mind. This road had been capitalized by the grants of land 
by the government and by the sale of bonds, which were 
bought by everybody throughout the West in the great enthus- 
iasm and the hope of great prosperity to come from the rail- 
road. The stockholders put little money into the project, but 
they reaped rich rewards from such devices as the formation 
ef a separate company, the CREDIT MOBILIER, with the 
same stockholders, to which the job of building the road was 
given at a great profit. Growing discontent among the people 



52 A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 

because of these schemes was increased when the roads were 
built, and, instead of operating for the benefit of the farmers, 
they proceeded to use their great power for their own benefit, 
and to give very poor service at high rates. They used "dis- 
crimination," the favoring of one shipper at the expense of 
others; "pooling," by which competition was avoided and rates 
kept up. 

This state of affairs hit directly at the middle western farm- 
ers, who were dependent upon the railroad to move their crops. 
In their own organization, the GRANGE, they discussed the 
situation and decided that the railroads had to be regulated by 
state legislation. The Grangers went into politics, elected 
their own members to the legislatures and in most of the 
Western states passed what are known as the GRANGER 
LAWS. These laws prohibited discrimination, pooling, and 
required that rates be reasonable. 

Very soon, however, the courts decided that the wording 
of the Constitution gave to Congress the right to regulate inter- 
state commerce, and, as most of the roads affected by the 
Granger Laws were inter-state roads, the laws were thus 
rendered of no use. The fight was taken to Congress, and in 
1887 was passed the INTER-STATE COMMERCE ACT, the 
terms of which were similar to the terms of the Granger Laws. 
Pooling, discrimination, unreasonable rates were all illegal; an 
Inter-state Commerce Commission was established with no 
powers other than to w^atch the roads and bring suit if they sus- 
pected a violation of the law. At first the commission did very 
little but it gradually took to itself more and more powers. 
Finally, in 1906, by the HEPBURN Act it was given the 
power to fix rates. 

After entering the World War, Congress passed a bill 
taking the railroads into the control of the government. They 
were operated under government ownership until March 1, 
1920, when by the Esch-Cummins Act they were given back 
to their owners with certain guarantees of profit. 



A REVIEW OP AMERICAN HISTORY 53 

4. LABOR CONDITIONS. 

No Labor Problem existed in the United States until after 
1870. The discontent among the laboring classes after that 
date may be attributed to a number of causes: 

1. Great immigration and the discharge of a million 
soldiers flooded the labor market. 

2. The development of machinery had reduced demand 
for men. 

3. Cheap Chinese labor was competing with American 
labor. 

4. Trusts were forming with great control over labor and 
with a tendency, in the minds of the laborers, to raise prices 
and lower wages. 

5. The further moving to western lands by the discon- 
tented was made impossible by the using up of all available 
land, "the safety valve of discontent." 

The discontent of the laboring men soon resulted in or- 
ganization to better their conditions. The first organization 
was that of THE KNIGHTS OF LABOR, organized by 
Poiudcrly. Here all sorts of labor were in one great organi- 
zation, and, due to their activities, thousands of strikes resulted. 
The most famous were about Chicago in the administrations of 
Cleveland. In the first, some Anarchists took advantage of the 
disorder to hurl a bomb into HAYMARKET SQUARE, killing 
many people. This affair took much sympathy from the labor 
organization. In Cleveland's second administration came the 
Pullman strike, with the sending of regular troops to keep order 
in defiance of the wishes of the Governor of Illinois. 

The Knights of Labor began to dabble in politics and soon 
gave way to a new organization, the AMERICAN FEDERA- 
TION OF LABOR, with Gompcrs at the head. In this Federa- 
tion the union of each trade kept its indentity. 

Great distress was caused by the coal strike of 1904, the 
strike being settled, at the instigation of President Roosevelt, 
by a commission. 



54 A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 

The competition of foreign labor was met in a number of 
ways. Immigration laws were passed excluding all "contract 
labor." A movement in the west, under Doiiiis Kearney, 
resulted in the passage of an act excluding Chinese laborers. 

TRUSTS are large organizations to control the output of 
any product and thus control its price. To make such unfair 
means as they used impossible. Congress passed the SHERMAN 
ANTI-TRUST ACT in 1890, making illegal all combinations 
in restraint of trade. Under Roosevelt a "trust-busting" cru- 
sade was begun under the act, and the dissolution of a number 
of trusts ordered. To clarify the meaning of the act and to 
make sure that labor unions should not be considered as trusts, 
Wilson had the CLAYTON Act passed. 

Long ago the government gave its own employees the 
eight-hour day. In 1918, the ADAMSON BILL provided 
that the 8-hour day should be the basis of railroad laborers (on 
inter-state lines). The movement for the betterment of the 
position of labor and the guarantee of their right to strike is 
still before the country and should see settlement soon. 

5. THE INDIANS. 

The coming of the Union Pacific, with its thousands of new 
settlers, had made the Indians uncomfortable. Their source 
of food, the herds of buffalo, had about disappeared, and their 
hunger sent them upon the warpath, resulting in such episodes 
as the defeat of Custer. President Grant decided upon a new 
policy, saying " it is cheaper to feed the Indians than to fight 
them." They were moved into reservations that were given 
to the tribes and then fed by government agents. 

Troubles came right at the beginning with the corruption 
of the Indian agents, who kept the money given them to feed 
the Indians. The Indians did not prosper in restraint, and the 
tribes died off, leaving the few survivors immensely wealthy 
With the giving out of the desirable lands of the West, the 
eyes of the whites turned to this Indian land and means were 
devised to get it back. The DAWES INDIAN BILL was 



A REVIEW OP AMERICAN HISTORY 55 

passed, providing that if the Indians would renounce their tribal 
allegiance, they were to be given a tract of land to own indi- 
vidually. This left millions of acres for white occupation. 

Another interesting source of discontent was caused by the 
presence of the MORMON Church in Utah, a territory. The 
EDMUNDS ACT was passed, prohibiting polygamy in the 
territories. The importance of this was that it re-established 
the control of the United States over its territories, a control 
which had been denied in the Dred Scott decision. 

FOREIGN AFFAIRS SINGE 1860 

1. During our war, France had taken advantage of our 
trouble to make herself master of Mexico and to put MaximiUian 
on the throne, supported by a French garrison. At the close 
of the war, our government demanded, under the Monroe Doc- 
trine, that the French withdraw their troops. This was finally 
done and MaximiUian, unsupported, was captured by Mexicans 
and shot. 

2. Russia had been friendly to us during the Civil War. 
This fact, coupled with a national exuberance, led us to pur- 
chase ALASKA from Russia in 1867. 

3. England's violation of neutrality during the war has 
already been noted. After the war we demanded satisfaction 
for damage done by the Alabama and sister ships. By the 
TREATY OF WASHINGTON it was agreed to leave the 
matter to arbitration, and the GENEVA TRIBUNAL granted 
to the United States an indemnity of $15,500,000. 

4. The SAMOAN ISLANDS, in the Pacific, were sought 
by England, Germany and the United States. Taking ad- 
vantage of a native revolt, Germany became aggresive and 
hoisted her flag. England withdrew and the United States sent 
a fleet to settle the issue with Germany. A battle was pre- 
vented by a typhoon, which destroyed most of the ships. The 
matter was settled in 1890, when the group was divided, the 



56 A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 

United States getting TUTUILA with the harbor of Pago- 
Pago, and the Germans the rest of the group. The German 
islands were taken by the allies in the World War. 

5. The Alaskan seal fisheries caused trouble in 1892. 
We claimed that Bering Sea was a closed sea and subject to 
our rules. England and Russia objected and the arbitration 
report was against the United States. 

6. In 1891, came the "Itata" affair, in the matter of a 
revolution in Chile against President Balmaceda. We over- 
stepped our rights when we interfered with a shipment of arms 
purchased by the insurgents and carried on the ship Itata. It 
made much hard feeling in Chile, resulting in a riot in which 
several United States sailors on shore leave were killed. Settle- 
ment was peaceably made but it left a bad taste and made our 
activities under the Monroe Doctrine more difficult. 

7. The Hawaiian group had been peopled largely by 
Americans ; a revolt occurred and the native queen was de- 
posed in 1893; the new government controlled by Americans 
applied for annex^jtion by the United States. President Har- 
rison made a treaty, but before it was ratified Cleveland had 
come into office and, believing that the revolt had been caused 
by Americans for their own purposes, he withdrew the treaty. 
The matter hung fire until 1898 when, under McKinley, the 
group was annexed and given a territorial government. 

8. CHINA was looked upon as fair prey by the Euro- 
pean governments, but their design to divide China up was 
blocked by Secretary of State John Hay, who got Europe to 
agree to the doctrine of the OPEN DOOR and the integrity 
of China, probably the first acceptance by Europe of a purely 
American doctrine. 

The Boxer Revolt, in 1900, resulted in a joint expedition 
to punish the Chinese fanatics who had been killing foreigners. 
United States forces took part. At the close China was forced 
to pay an indemnity to the nations involved, but the United 
States returned her share for use in Chinese education, mak- 
ing China a firm friend of this country. 



A REVIIOW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 57 

9. JAPAN has been looked upon as a rival in Latin 
America and we have invoked the Monroe Doctrine partic- 
ularly in preventing her from getting control of land in 
Mexico. An unpleasant situation came when California made 
a law prohibiting Japanese from holding land. Japanese oc- 
cupation of Shantung caused unfavorable comment in this 
country and tension was great. Japan has now (1922) agreed 
to vacate Shantung. 

10. The Monroe Doctrine saw its most serious test in 
1895 in VENEZUELA. England claimed that the boundary 
line of British Guiana extended into Venezuela, and took 
steps to occupy the disputed land. We became interested be- 
cause such an aggression, if the land were not England's, would 
violate the Monroe Doctrine. Secretary of State Oljicy de- 
manded that the dispute be submitted to arbitration and Eng- 
land refused, feeling running very high and war threat- 
ening. Congress provided for commissioners to investigate 
the matter for our own guidance, and then England yielded 
and the matter was arbitrated, the report being entirely in 
England's favor. The important thing is the acceptance of 
the American riglit to intervene in such a quarrel. 

11. In 1898, came the Spanish- American War. Its causes 
may be stated as: 

1. Humanitarian. The harsh treatment of the 
Cubans by the Spanish excited our pity. 

2. Commerical. Spanish government had been re- 
sponsible for great losses to our commerical in- 
terests. 

3. Hysterical. The yellow newspapers so excited 
the people that there was a general demand for 
war. 

Cuba had been a subject of interest in the United States 
for a long time. In 1854, our ministers to Europe had issued 
the OSTEND MANIFESTO, stating that we would be justi- 
fied in acquiring Cuba, by war if necessary. 



58 A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 

At the close of the war, the TREATY OF PARIS pro- 
vided that Spain should cede to us Porto Rico, the Philippine 
Islands and the Island of Guam ; Spain should give up Cuba. 
We should give Spain a sum of money. 

12. The giving! up of Cuba brought a new problem. 
After a provisional government had been established by the 
United States, Cuba was finally given her independence un- 
der certain limitations. The PLATT AMENDxMENT pro- 
vided that Cuba must insert certain things into her constitu- 
tion giving the United States rights of guardianship. In 1906 
a revolt on the island made another intervention necessary, 
but when quiet was restored we again retired, and Cuba is 
now independent. 

The Philippines have been governed as a dependency, the 
natives being granted more and more autonomy as they have 
had more experience in self-government. There is a move- 
ment among the Filipinos to demand independence. Before 
we finally got control we had to put down an extensive revolt 
under the leadership of Aguinaldo, who was finally captured. 

Now the islands are governed by a governor and a com- 
mission containing three natives, appointed in this country, 
A legislature of two houses, of which the commission forms 
the upper, makes the laws. 

13. In 1903, came the acquisition of the Panama Canal 
Zone. President Roosevelt wanted to build a canal across the 
isthmus, and for this had to get the permission of Colombia. 
Colombia rejected the treaty made, demanding more money 
a demand which the United States refused. In the meantime 
the people of Panama became impatient and, with the en- 
couragement and aid of our government, arranged a revolt 
and declared their independence. Within forty-eight hours, 
Roosevelt recognized the new Panama government and a 
treaty was made, giving us the rights which we sought. A 
strip ten miles wide is virtually ceded to the United States. 
The canal was then built and is now in operation. 



A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 59 

The canal was also the subject of some relations with 
England. We have already noted the Clayton-Bulwer treaty 
of 1853. When we found that we wanted to build the canal 
alone we negotiated the HAY-PAUNCEFOTE TREATY in 
1901, by which England agreed to cancel the former treaty 
and allow us to build the canal alone, provided that in the use 
of the canal we should not discriminate among nations. This 
latter clause was brought up when the Taft administration 
decided that our own vessels should go through the canal toll- 
free. Objection on tlie part of England caused the Wilson ad- 
ministration to repeal this clause and now all ships pay the 
same tolls. 

To right the wrong done to Colombia in aiding the revolt 
of Panama in 1903, a treaty has, after a political struggle 
been ratified granting Colombia $25,000,000 and certain rights. 

li. GERMANY'S aggressiveness led to two episodes. 
In 1898, when Dewey went into Manila Bay to find the Span- 
ish fleet he found a German fleet there, which began to inter- 
fere with his operations. A strong threat by Dewey, rein- 
forced by an English fleet, caused the Germans to back down. 

Another phase of the Monroe Doctrine came in 1901 when 
Germany undertook to collect from Venezuela some money 
owed by Venezuela to German nationals. A fleet was sent 
over, but a strong protest by Roosevelt prevented the seizure 
of territory and persuaded Venezuela to settle the account. 
This presented a new question. If the Latin-American coun- 
tries were to repudiate their debts, could we justly prevent 
Europe from taking territory as settlement, even though it 
violate the Monroe Doctrine. The question seems to have 
been settled by the case of Santo Domingo in 1905, when we 
assumed control of the finances of the land in order to prevent 
the repudiation of debts. Thus the Monroe Doctrine is tend- 
ing to make us a policeman to keep the smaller nations up to 
their obligations. 

15. A revolution in Mexico led to numerous raids across 
our borders and to a serious question as to whether we ought 



60 A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 

not intervene and establish order by force of arms. The situ- 
ation presented a new phase of the Monroe Doctrine, for the 
three important nations of South America, Argentina, Brazil 
and Chile, the A. B. C. Powers, offered their services to settle 
the question, and their offer was accepted. This suggests that 
the Monroe Doctrine may be extended into an all-American 
Doctrine with all the nations sharing the responsibility for 
keeping peace. 

16. The World War involved the United States when 
our neutral shipping was sunk by Germany. We sent an im- 
mense army to France. President IVilson helped to frame the 
TREATY OF VERSAILLES which the Senate rejected 
largely because it provided for a LEAGUE OF NATIONS, 
an international organization which is now working. 

17. In 1921 met the WASHINGTON CONFERENCE 
which negotiated treaties for the Limitation of Naval Arma- 
ments, for the settlement of disputes in the Pacific and for 
remedying conditions in China, all of which subjects are too 
complicated for brief treatment. 



A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 61 



PARTY HISTORY SINGE 1870 

The Republican Party, the party which had fought and 
won the Civil War, used its war record to stay in power until 
the election of Cleveland in 1884. The northern Demo- 
crats during the war had been called "Copperheads." 

The discontented elements of the population often united 
and we find a series of "Third Party Movements," of which 
the most important should be noted. 

1. In 1872, the Liberal Republicans nominated Horace 
Grcdcy for President. This party was a protest against the 
economic measures of the regular party. The Democrats in 
a hopeless position adopted Greeley as their candidate, and this 
marked his downfall. Greeley was defeated by Grant, and 
the party died out. 

2. About 1890, a second party of protest arose in the 
POPULIST Party. It soon went the way of the Liberal 
Movement. 

3. In 1912, Roosevelt broke away from the Republican 
Party and formed the PROGRESSIVE Party, another party 
of protest, which lasted only the one election after being de- 
feated. 

The election of 1876 must be noted particularly. The 
candidates were Hayes, Republican, and Tilden, Democrat. 
In some of the Southern states, chiefly Louisiana, there was 
confusion in the voting due to the reconstruction measures, 
and two sets of votes were sent in. The Constitution pro- 
vided nothing for such a case, and it was decided to appoint 
a commission of seven Republicans, seven Democrats and 
one Independent to settle the disputed points. The odd mem- 
ber finally chosen was a Republican and the Commission de- 
cided in every case in favor of Hayes bj'^ a vote of 8 to 7. 
Thus Hayes became President, 

The election of 188-i* was carried for Cleveland by a 
group of discontented Republicans, who were known as MUG- 



62 A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 

WUMPS and who refused to support Blaine, the Republican 
nominee. 

The election of 1896, Bryan and McKinley, has already 
been treated in the Silver discussion. McKinley was elected 
by the business interests of the country, under the leadership 
of Mark Hanna. 

TARIFFS SINCE J 880 

In recent years the two large parties have split on the sub- 
ject of tariff, the Republicans demanding a high protective 
tariff, the Democrats a low revenue tariff. The chief tariff 
bills have been as follows: 

Cleveland (The Mills Bill) Low but did not pass 

Harrison McKinley Bill Higher Tariff 

Cleveland Wilson Bill Lower Tariff 

McKinley Dingley Bill Very high 

Taft Payne-Aldrich Bill About same 

Wilson Underwood Bill Much lower 

In the Wilson bill in Cleveland's administration was includ- 
ed an INCOME TAX. The Supreme Court declared this tax 
unconstitutional, as it was not laid in proportion to the popu- 
lation. An amendment to the Constitution, the 16th, was 
finally put into effect and now many millions are collected 
from the income tax. 

CHANGING THE FORM OF GOVERNMENT 

The Constitution may be changed in its working in three 
ways: 

1. By Custom. 

The original way of electing the President was for 
the electors to use their own discretion in their choice. 
Very soon after 1800 it became the custom for them to 
vote automatically for the nominee of their parties. 



A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 63 

2. By Judicial Decision. 

Chief Justice John Marshall handed down many de- 
cisions extending the power of the central government, 
among which were : 

Marbury vs. Madison, in which he decided that an 
act of Congress which the Supreme Court held 
to be unconstitutional need not be obeyed. 

The Dartmouth College Case, deciding that the 
Supreme Court might declare an act of a state 
legislature unconstitutional. 

McCulloch vs. Maryland, holding that Congress had 
the right to charter the U. S. Bank, thus uphold- 
ing loose construction. 

Gibbons vs. Ogden, excluding from state action all 
kinds of interstate commerce. 

These decisions were of the greatest value in giving a 
strong) central government. 

3. Amendment. 

The first ten amendments have already been noted. 
The 11th excluded from the jurisdiction of U. S. 
courts all cases brought by a citizen against a state. 

The 12th amendment was to prevent a situation such 
as came in the election of 1800, due to voting for Presi- 
dent and Vice-President on the same ballot. They are 
now voted for separately. 

The 13th, 14th and 15th are the Civil War Amend- 
ments, the 13th giving the slaves freedom, the 14th giving 
the negro civil rights, the 15th giving the negro the right 
to vote. 

The 16th makes an income tax legal. 

The 17th provided for the election of U. S. Senators 
by popular vote. 

The 18th is the prohibition amendment. 

The 19th provides for woman suffrage. 



64 



A REVIEW OP AMERICAN HISTORY 



SOME LANDMARK DATES 



1492. 


Columbus' First Voyage 


1795. 


Jay's Treaty 


1565. 


St. Augustine 


1800. 


Election of Jefferson 


1588. 


Spanish Armada 


1803. 


Louisiana Purchase 


1607. 


Jamestown 


1807. 


Embargo 


1619. 


Slaves and Assembly in Va. 


1809. 


Non-Intercourse 


1620. 


Plymouth 


181,0. 


Macon's Bill 


1624. 


Virginia made Royal 


1812-15. 


War with England 


1629. 


Massachusetts Bay 


1815. 


Hartford Convention 


1634. 


Maryland 


1818. 


Joint Occupation of Oregon 


1636. 


Rhode Island and Conn. 


1819. 


Florida 


1643. 


New England Confederation 


1820. 


Missouri Compromise 


1660. 


Restoration in England 


1823. 


Monroe Doctrine 




First Navigation Act 


1824. 


Election of Adams 


1664. 


English took New Amsterdam 


1828. 


Tariff of Abominations 


1673. 


Marquette and Joliet 


1833. 


Compromise Tariff 


1681. 


LaSalle 


1837. 


Panic 




Pennsylvania 


1845. 


Texas annexed 


16-^-4-89. 


Dominion of New England 


1846. 


Oregon dispute settled 


1689-97. 


King William's War 


1846-48. 


Mexican War 


1702-13. 


Queen Anne's War 


1850. 


Omnibus Bill 


171.3. 


Treaty of Utrecht 


1854. 


Kansas-Nebraska Bill 


1732. 


Georgia 


1856. 


Dred Scott Decision 


1744-48. 


King George's War 


1860. 


Election of Lincoln 


17.54. 


Albany Convention 


1865. 


End of Civil War 


1754-63. 


French and Indian War 


1865-76. 


Reconstruction in South 


1764. 


Sugar Act 


1876. 


Election of Hayes 


1755. 


Stamp Act 


1878. 


Bland-Allison Bill 


1767. 


Townsend Acts 


1883. 


Pendleton Bill 


1770. 


Boston Riot 


1887. 


Inter-State Commerce Act 


1773. 


Boston Tea Party 


1890. 


Sherman Bills 


1774. 


Five Intolerable Acts 


1896. 


Election of McKinley 


1774. 


First Continental Congress 


1898. 


Spanish-American War 


1775. 


Second Continental Congress 




Hawaii annexed 




War began 


1903. 


Panama 


1776. 


Declaration of Independence 


1906. 


Hepburn Act 


1777. 


Articles of Confederation 


1912. 


Election of Wilson 


1778. 


Treaty with France 


1914. 


War in Europe 


1781. 


Art. of Confederation ratified 


1914. 


Trouble in Mexico 


1783. 


Treaty closing devolution 


1917. 


U. S. in World War 


1783-89. 


Critical Period 


1919. 


Treaty signed at Versailles 


1786. 


Annapolis Convention 


1920. 


Rejection by the Senate 


1787. 


Constitutional Convention 


1921. 


Washington Conference 


1789. 


Washington President 







A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 



65 



IMPORTANT CHARACTERS 

Something should be known of all the following; those marked "*" should 
le taken up in some detail. 



Henry the Navigator 


Coronado 


Cortez 


Columbus* 


Pizarro 


Cartier 


Cabot 


Drake 


Menendez 


DeLeon 


Raleigh 


Popham 


Balboa 


Smith 


Berkeley 


Narvaez 


Bradford 


Winthrop 


DeSoto 


Williams 


Hooker 


Stuyvesant 


Carteret 


Penn* 


Calvert 


Oglethorpe 


Bacon 


Andros 


Wolfe 


Montcalm 


Grenville 


Otis 


Samuel Adams 


Washington * 


Randolph 


Patterson 


Hamilton* 


Franklin* 


Jefferson* 


Jay 


Genet 


Talleyrand 


Gallatin 


Lewis 


Clarke 


Clay* 


J. Q. Adams 


Jackson* 


Marshall 


Perry 


Canning 


Calhoun 


Taney 


Houston 


Whitman 


Slidell 


Scott 


Wilmot 


Stowe 


Brown 


Douglas* 


Lincoln* 


Davis 


Seward 


Stanton 


Stevens 


Sumner 


Grant* 


Lee 


Tweed 


Tilden 


Bland 


Blaine* 


Pendleton 


Sherman 


Hanna 


Bryan 


Powderly 


Gompers 


Hay* 


Aguinaldo 


Roosevelt* 


Braddock 


Gage 


Gates 


Cornwallis 


Burgoyne 


Marbury 


Garrison 


Hayne 


Webster 


Burr 


Boone 


Hoover 


Peary 


Edison* 



66 



A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 



MAP SUGGESTIONS 

The following should be placed upon a map; the historical importance 
of each should be expressed clearly in a sentence or two. 



St Augustine 

Plymouth 

Providence 

New Castle 

St. Mary's 

Quebec 

Concord 

Trenton 

Camden 

Louisiana 

Detroit 

Saratoga 

Rcsaca de la Palma 

Buena Vista 

Kansas 

Freeport 

Chancellorsville 

Vicksburg 

Samoa 

Philippines 

Virgin Is. 

Pekin 

Treaty of 1783 

Northwest Territory 

U. P. Railroad 

Nueces River 

Dominion of New Eng. 

Shantung 



Roanoke 

Boston 

New Haven 

Philadelphia 

Louisburg 

Ft. Duquesne 

Lexington 

Valley Forge 

Yorktown 

Washington 

Thames River 

Western Reserve 

Palo Alto 

Gadsden Purchase 

Nebraska 

Utah 

Gettysburg 

Alaska 

Venezuela 

Cuba 

Panama 

San Jacinto 

Treaty of 1763 

Mason-Dixon Line 

National Road 

Guam 

The Confederacy 

Argonne 



Jamestown 

Hartford 

New Amsterdam 

Baltimore 

Acadia 

Charlestown 

Princeton 

Cowpens 

Annapolis 

New Orleans 

36-30 

Lundy's Lane 

Vera Cruz 

64-40 

Harper's Ferry 

Fredericksburg 

Antietam 

Chicago 

Hawaii 

Porto Rico 

Santiago 

The Alamo 

Boundary of 1818 

Mexican Cession 

Gila River 

Fonseca 

The "Doubtful States'' 

Genoa 



A REVIEW OF AMERICAN HISTORY 



BIBLIOGRAPHY 
GENERAL WORKS 

Channing, History of the United States. 
McMaster, History of People of the United States. 
Rhodes, The United States After the Compromise of 1850. 



SYNDICATE HISTORIES 

Johnson, (Editor) Chronicles of America, 50 Vols. 
Hart, (Editor) The American Nation, 26 Vols. 
Dodd, Editor) The Riverside History, 4 Vols. 



SPECIAL WORKS 

Andrews, The Colonial Period. 

Andrews, Colonial Self-Government. 

Eggleston, Beginners of a Nation. 

Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe. 

Lecky, American Revolution. 

Fisher, 77ie Struggle for American Independence. 

Fiske, The Critical Period. 

Farrand, The Framing of the Constitution. 

Johnson, Union and Democracy. 

Ford, George Washington. 

Channing, Jeffersonian System. 

Schurz, Henry Clay. 

Moore, American Diplomacy. 

Bassett, Andrew Jackson. 

Sparks, The Expansion of the American People, 

Bogart, Industrial History of the United States. 

Johnson, S. A. Douglas. 

Rhodes, History of the Civil War. 

Charnwood, Abraham Lincoln. 

Paxson, Recent History of the United States. 

Haworth, The United States iu Our Own Time. 

Thayer, Theodore Roosevelt. 

McMaster, The United States and the World War. 



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JINDERY INC. |§ 

^^ DEC 88 

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